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Sentence Structure Mrs. Meents Turlock Junior High School 1 Simple Sentence • A simple sentence is one independent clause 2 Independent Clause • An independent clause – makes a complete statement – has a subject and a verb S V Sally runs. 3 Subject • The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. – John went for a walk. 4 Subject • The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. – John went for a walk. (person) – Towns are quiet after snowfalls. 5 Subject • The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. – John went for a walk. (person) – Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (place) – Eggs rolled off the counter. 6 Subject • The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. – John went for a walk. (person) – Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (place) – Eggs rolled off the counter. (thing) 7 Subject • Not every noun in a sentence is the subject of the sentence. Sub – John went for a walk. Sub – Towns are quiet after snowfalls. Sub – Eggs rolled off the counter. 8 Verbs • A verb shows the action or state of being – is – am – are – was – were of the subject of the sentence. 9 Verbs • Physical action – Sally sneezed. • Mental action – John thinks. • State of being – Jesse is my friend. 10 Verb Phrases • A verb phrase is a helping verb or verbs plus a main verb. – did think – could have been driving – has gone 11 “Not a Verb” List • Many students identify the following as verbs; they are not. 12 “Not a Verb” List • The word “not” is not a verb. – Mr. Smith would not cancel school today. 13 “Not a Verb” List • The word “not” is not a verb. – Mr. Smith would not cancel school today. – Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school today. 14 “Not a Verb” List • The word “not” is not a verb. – Mr. Smith would not cancel school today. – Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school today. 15 “Not a Verb” List • An “ing” word must have a helping verb in front of it to be a verb. sub verb – Mrs. Meents is sleeping late today. sub verb – Running is my favorite sport. 16 “Not a Verb” List • A verb with “to” in front of it is not the verb of the sentence; it’s an infinitive. sub verb – The students wanted (to go) home early. 17 “Not a Verb” List • When there is a question, the verb phrase is split. verb sub – Did Mr. Long visit our class today? • The subject is not part of the verb phrase. 18 “Not a Verb” List • A word ending in “ly” is not a verb. “Ly” words are adverbs. Verb Adverb – The school was painted recently. Verb – The school was recently painted. Adverb 19 Verb-Subject Identification Procedure 1. Eliminate prepositional phrases. 2. Look for the action or state-ofbeing word to find the verb. 3. Ask yourself “who or what (verb)?” to find the subject. sub verb • The top of the can came off. sub verb • Kevin reported the theft. sub verb • Paula is an astronaut. 20 Example Set I SV—One subject/One verb sub verb 1. Jane went to the pool. sub verb 2. Paul is a very nice guy. sub verb 3. Cakes lined the store window. sub verb 4. I love chocolate ice cream. verb sub 5. Bikes are very expensive. 21 Example Set II sub verb 1. The old gray mare limped down the lane. sub verb 2. The silver-winged plane soared. sub verb 3. Johnny’s baby sister cried for hours. sub verb 4. The first three girls giggled. sub verb 5. Fourteen good pilots died in the war. 22 Example Set III sub verb 1. The bus must have gone by now. verb sub 2. My best friend could not work tonight. sub 3. The light green grapes verb have been eaten. 23 Example Set III (cont) sub 4. The committee of verb environmentalists is working to solve the smog problem. verb sub 5. Steven’s aunt is not following her new diet. 24 Example Set IV SSV-compound sub/one verb sub sub verb 1. Bill and Sue want to go to the movies. verb sub sub 2. Jason and his friends work together. verb sub sub 3. Are the car and truck parked outside? 25 Example Set IV (cont.) sub sub 4. The park and sidewalks verb are covered with snow. sub sub verb 5. Hiding and seeking are fun activities. 26 Example Set V SVV—One subject/compound verb sub verb verb 1. Sally swam and played all afternoon. verb sub 2. The dogs had barked all night verb and slept all day. sub verb 3. Michelle came home yesterday verb and did not work all day today. 27 Example Set V (cont) sub verb 4. The basketball team rode on a bus verb and flew in a plane to attend the game. sub verb 5. The park is dark and spooky at night verb and can be delightful on sunny days. 28 Example Set VI SSVV—Compound sub/compound verb sub sub 1. The ponies and calves verb verb scampered and played in the field. sub verb sub 2. Kathy and her father do not like verb to play tennis and hate to jog. 29 Example Set VI (cont) sub sub verb 3. The Army and the Navy had a football verb game and filled the stadium. sub sub verb 4. The two boys and their fathers were verb sick and did not attend the FatherSon Banquet. 30 Example Set VI (cont) sub sub verb 5. Parties and dances are usually verb fun and can be thrilling. 31 Simple Sentence Formulas • SV—one subject/one verb – Joanie loves to sing. • SSV—compound subject/one verb – Tom and Bernice are late. • SVV—one subject/compound verb – Eddie tripped and fell. • SSVV—compound subject/ compound verb. – Danny and Louise hurried and caught the bus. 32 Formula Card Simple Sentences sv ssv svv ssvv 33 Simple Sentence • A simple sentence is one independent clause 34 Compound Sentences • A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. – The students finished class, and they went to lunch. 35 Compound Sentences • Kevin didn’t want to hurt Kathy’s feelings, so he said nothing about her mistake. • I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two years. 36 Compound Sentences • Compound sentences are joined with a comma and a conjunction: – The sun was shining, and the sky was clear. • Or with a semicolon: – Mike and Bernie went for a hike; the day was beautiful. 37 Compound Sentences • In a compound sentence not all the subjects are doing all the verbs. – The men and women met at the station and went to dinner. (simple) – The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner. (compound) 38 Compound sentences • The ducks and geese squawked and fluttered their wings. (simple) • The ducks squawked, and the geese fluttered their wings. (compound) 39 Compound Sentences • Harry and Joe ate ice cream and drank pop. (simple) • Harry ate ice cream, and Joe drank pop. (compound) 40 Coordinating Conjunctions FANBOYS – for – and – nor – but – or – yet – so 41 Simple Sentence • A simple sentence is one independent clause. • A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. • An independent clause – has a subject and a verb – is a complete thought or idea 42 Coordinating Conjunctions • Use coordinating conjunctions with a comma to join two independent clauses. – Baseball is my favorite sport to watch, but football is my favorite sport to play. – The children ran all the way to school, yet they were late anyway. – You will have to finish the project, or your group will get a failing grade. – Hanni was not at the game, nor was she at the party. – We did not see Mike at the movie, nor did we see him at the restaurant. 43 Semicolons • Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a compound sentence. – Susan loves to swim; her brother likes to dive. – Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person. – The meeting was over; it was already midnight. 44 Formulas for Compound Sentences • I,cI Independent Clause, conjunction Independent Clause • I;I Independent Clause; Independent Clause 45 Formula Card Simple Sentences Compound Sentences sv I,cI ssv svv I;I ssvv 46 Coordinating Conjunctions • “For” means because in a compound sentence. – She enjoys Disneyland, for she has fun there. • “And” joins two equally important ideas. – I went shopping, and I ate lunch. • “Nor” introduces a negative clause. – John will not do his homework, nor will he clean his room. 47 Coordinating Conjunctions • “But shows a contrast between two ideas. – I tried my very hardest, but I came in last in the race. • “Or” give a choice between two ideas. – You may do the assignment now, or you may complete it at home tonight. 48 Coordinating Conjunctions • “Yet” shows a contrast between two ideas. (but) – The teacher read the story slowly, yet I still missed the main idea. • “So” tells you that the first clause causes the second clause. – You ate your lunch too fast, so you have a stomach ache. 49 “For” and “Nor” • “For” = “because” in a compound sentence – The football field was ruined, for the rain had flooded it. – Johnny is going to fail language arts, for he did not study. – Mrs. Meents is very happy, for all of her students were paying attention. 50 “For” and “Nor” • “Nor” is a negative word followed by the helping verb from the first clause: – Rich did not do his class work, nor did he finish his homework. – Rich isn’t very smart, nor – Rich won’t pass language arts, nor 51 “For” and “Nor” • Rich can’t go to the movies, nor • Rich wasn’t at school, nor 52 Compound Sentences • Combine two simple sentences to form a compound sentence. sub verb – Stacy needed a new dress. sub verb – She went shopping. sub verb sub verb I,cI – Stacy needed a new dress, so she went shopping. 53 sub verb • Jose studied for the test. sub verb • He got an A. sub verb sub verb • Jose studied for the test, so he got an A. I,cI 54 sub verb • Tina wanted a puppy. sub verb • Her parents said no. sub verb • Tina wanted a puppy, but her sub verb parents said no. I,cI 55 sub verb • The pool opens this weekend. verb sub • We should go. verb sub sub • The pool opens this weekend; we verb should go. I;I 56 sub verb • We should go to McDonald’s. sub verb • They have cheap food. sub verb • We should go to McDonald’s, for sub verb they have cheap food. I,cI 57 verb sub • Celeste doesn’t like math. verb sub • She doesn’t like history. verb sub • Celeste doesn’t like math, nor verb sub does she like history. I,cI 58 sub verb • We could play video games. verb sub • We could listen to music sub verb • We could play video games, or verb sub we could listen to music. 59 How to build a compound sentence independent clause represented by I ,c I,cI independent clause I represented by , conjunction independent clause ; I independent clause ; I I;I 60 Compound Sentence Formulas • I,cI Independent Clause, conjunction Independent Clause • I;I Independent Clause; Independent Clause 61 Complex Sentences • A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. • A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone. 62 Complex Sentences • I like Sally because she is funny. • Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress. • The game will end when one team scores. 63 Dependent Clauses • My brother hit me. • when my brother hit me • I love pizza. • because I love pizza 64 Subordinating Conjunctions • Sneaky little words that turn independent clauses into dependent clauses. 65 Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are: after although as as if as long as as soon as as though because before even if even though if in order that just as like once provided rather than since so that than though unless until when whenever while 66 How to build a complex sentence dependent clause represented by D , , D,I independent clause I dependent clause I represented by independent clause D ID 67 Formula Card Simple Sentences sv ssv svv Compound Sentences I,cI I;I ssvv Complex Sentences D,I ID 68 Dependent Clause First • Comma needed – When I get to Phoenix, you’ll be sleeping. – After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza. – Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage. 69 Independent Clause First • Comma not needed – You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix. – The players went out for a pizza after they practiced. – We will not know about the damage until the storm is over. 70 Examples 1. The sky looks as though we might get some snow. – ID 2. Whenever the birds fly south, winter is on the way. – D,I 3. Where there is smoke, there is fire. – D,I 71 Examples 4. If Don is ready on time, he can go to the game with us. D,I 5. Will you wait for me while I speak to Mrs. Meents? ID 6. That car is perfect for me because I can afford its upkeep. ID 72