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Sentence Structure
Mrs. Meents
Turlock Junior High School
1
Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence is one
independent clause
2
Independent Clause
• An independent clause
– makes a complete statement
– has a subject and a verb
S
V
Sally runs.
3
Subject
• The subject of a sentence is the
person, place, or thing that the
sentence is about. The subject is
doing something or having
something told about it.
– John went for a walk.
4
Subject
• The subject of a sentence is the
person, place, or thing that the
sentence is about. The subject is
doing something or having
something told about it.
– John went for a walk. (person)
– Towns are quiet after snowfalls.
5
Subject
• The subject of a sentence is the
person, place, or thing that the
sentence is about. The subject is
doing something or having
something told about it.
– John went for a walk. (person)
– Towns are quiet after snowfalls.
(place)
– Eggs rolled off the counter.
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Subject
• The subject of a sentence is the
person, place, or thing that the
sentence is about. The subject is
doing something or having
something told about it.
– John went for a walk. (person)
– Towns are quiet after snowfalls.
(place)
– Eggs rolled off the counter. (thing)
7
Subject
• Not every noun in a sentence is
the subject of the sentence.
Sub
– John went for a walk.
Sub
– Towns are quiet after snowfalls.
Sub
– Eggs rolled off the counter.
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Verbs
• A verb shows the action or state of
being
– is
– am
– are
– was
– were
of the subject of the sentence.
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Verbs
• Physical action
– Sally sneezed.
• Mental action
– John thinks.
• State of being
– Jesse is my friend.
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Verb Phrases
• A verb phrase is a helping verb or
verbs plus a main verb.
– did think
– could have been driving
– has gone
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“Not a Verb” List
• Many students identify the
following as verbs; they are not.
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“Not a Verb” List
• The word “not” is not a verb.
– Mr. Smith would not cancel school
today.
13
“Not a Verb” List
• The word “not” is not a verb.
– Mr. Smith would not cancel school
today.
– Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school
today.
14
“Not a Verb” List
• The word “not” is not a verb.
– Mr. Smith would not cancel school
today.
– Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school
today.
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“Not a Verb” List
• An “ing” word must have a helping
verb in front of it to be a verb.
sub
verb
– Mrs. Meents is sleeping late today.
sub
verb
– Running is my favorite sport.
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“Not a Verb” List
• A verb with “to” in front of it is not
the verb of the sentence; it’s an
infinitive.
sub
verb
– The students wanted (to go) home
early.
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“Not a Verb” List
• When there is a question, the verb
phrase is split.
verb
sub
– Did Mr. Long visit our class today?
• The subject is not part of the verb
phrase.
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“Not a Verb” List
• A word ending in “ly” is not a verb.
“Ly” words are adverbs.
Verb
Adverb
– The school was painted recently.
Verb
– The school was recently painted.
Adverb
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Verb-Subject Identification
Procedure
1. Eliminate prepositional phrases.
2. Look for the action or state-ofbeing word to find the verb.
3. Ask yourself “who or what
(verb)?” to find the subject.
sub
verb
• The top of the can came off.
sub
verb
• Kevin reported the theft.
sub
verb
• Paula is an astronaut.
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Example Set I
SV—One subject/One verb
sub
verb
1. Jane went to the pool.
sub verb
2. Paul is a very nice guy.
sub
verb
3. Cakes lined the store window.
sub verb
4. I love chocolate ice cream.
verb
sub
5. Bikes are very expensive.
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Example Set II
sub
verb
1. The old gray mare limped down
the lane.
sub
verb
2. The silver-winged plane soared.
sub
verb
3. Johnny’s baby sister cried for
hours.
sub
verb
4. The first three girls giggled.
sub
verb
5. Fourteen good pilots died in the
war.
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Example Set III
sub
verb
1. The bus must have gone by now.
verb
sub
2. My best friend could not work
tonight.
sub
3. The light green grapes
verb
have been eaten.
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Example Set III (cont)
sub
4. The committee of verb
environmentalists is working to
solve the smog problem.
verb
sub
5. Steven’s aunt is not following her
new diet.
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Example Set IV
SSV-compound sub/one verb
sub
sub
verb
1. Bill and Sue want to go to the
movies.
verb
sub
sub
2. Jason and his friends work
together. verb
sub
sub
3. Are the car and truck parked
outside?
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Example Set IV (cont.)
sub
sub
4. The park and sidewalks
verb
are covered with snow.
sub
sub
verb
5. Hiding and seeking are fun
activities.
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Example Set V
SVV—One subject/compound verb
sub
verb
verb
1. Sally swam and played all
afternoon.
verb
sub
2. The dogs had barked all night
verb
and slept all day.
sub
verb
3. Michelle came home yesterday
verb
and did not work all day today.
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Example Set V (cont)
sub
verb
4. The basketball team rode on a bus
verb
and flew in a plane to attend the
game.
sub verb
5. The park is dark and spooky at night
verb
and can be delightful on sunny days.
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Example Set VI
SSVV—Compound sub/compound
verb
sub
sub
1. The ponies and calves
verb
verb
scampered and played in the
field.
sub
verb
sub
2. Kathy and her father do not like
verb
to play tennis and hate to jog.
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Example Set VI (cont)
sub
sub
verb
3. The Army and the Navy had a football
verb
game and filled the stadium.
sub
sub
verb
4. The two boys and their fathers were
verb
sick and did not attend the FatherSon Banquet.
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Example Set VI (cont)
sub
sub
verb
5. Parties and dances are usually
verb
fun and can be thrilling.
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Simple Sentence Formulas
• SV—one subject/one verb
– Joanie loves to sing.
• SSV—compound subject/one verb
– Tom and Bernice are late.
• SVV—one subject/compound verb
– Eddie tripped and fell.
• SSVV—compound subject/ compound
verb.
– Danny and Louise hurried and caught the
bus.
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Formula Card
Simple Sentences
sv
ssv
svv
ssvv
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Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence is one
independent clause
34
Compound Sentences
• A compound sentence has two or
more independent clauses.
– The students finished class, and
they went to lunch.
35
Compound Sentences
• Kevin didn’t want to hurt Kathy’s feelings, so
he said nothing about her mistake.
• I want to see my sister soon, for
she has been in Switzerland for two years.
36
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences are joined
with a comma and a conjunction:
– The sun was shining, and the sky
was clear.
• Or with a semicolon:
– Mike and Bernie went for a hike; the
day was beautiful.
37
Compound Sentences
• In a compound sentence not all
the subjects are doing all the
verbs.
– The men and women met at the
station and went to dinner. (simple)
– The men met at the station, and the
women went to dinner. (compound)
38
Compound sentences
• The ducks and geese squawked
and fluttered their wings. (simple)
• The ducks squawked, and the
geese fluttered their wings.
(compound)
39
Compound Sentences
• Harry and Joe ate ice cream and
drank pop. (simple)
• Harry ate ice cream, and Joe
drank pop. (compound)
40
Coordinating Conjunctions
FANBOYS
– for
– and
– nor
– but
– or
– yet
– so
41
Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence is one
independent clause.
• A compound sentence has two or
more independent clauses.
• An independent clause
– has a subject and a verb
– is a complete thought or idea
42
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Use coordinating conjunctions with a
comma to join two independent
clauses.
– Baseball is my favorite sport to watch, but
football is my favorite sport to play.
– The children ran all the way to school, yet
they were late anyway.
– You will have to finish the project, or your
group will get a failing grade.
– Hanni was not at the game, nor was she at
the party.
– We did not see Mike at the movie, nor did
we see him at the restaurant.
43
Semicolons
• Semicolons (;) can also be used to
join the two independent clauses
of a compound sentence.
– Susan loves to swim; her brother
likes to dive.
– Jason was highly respected; he was
always such a responsible person.
– The meeting was over; it was
already midnight.
44
Formulas for Compound
Sentences
• I,cI Independent Clause,
conjunction Independent Clause
• I;I Independent Clause;
Independent Clause
45
Formula Card
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
sv
I,cI
ssv
svv
I;I
ssvv
46
Coordinating Conjunctions
• “For” means because in a compound
sentence.
– She enjoys Disneyland, for she has fun
there.
• “And” joins two equally important ideas.
– I went shopping, and I ate lunch.
• “Nor” introduces a negative clause.
– John will not do his homework, nor will he
clean his room.
47
Coordinating Conjunctions
• “But shows a contrast between
two ideas.
– I tried my very hardest, but I came in
last in the race.
• “Or” give a choice between two
ideas.
– You may do the assignment now, or
you may complete it at home tonight.
48
Coordinating Conjunctions
• “Yet” shows a contrast between
two ideas. (but)
– The teacher read the story slowly,
yet I still missed the main idea.
• “So” tells you that the first clause
causes the second clause.
– You ate your lunch too fast, so you
have a stomach ache.
49
“For” and “Nor”
• “For” = “because” in a compound
sentence
– The football field was ruined, for the
rain had flooded it.
– Johnny is going to fail language arts,
for he did not study.
– Mrs. Meents is very happy, for
all of her students were paying attention.
50
“For” and “Nor”
• “Nor” is a negative word followed
by the helping verb from the first
clause:
– Rich did not do his class work, nor
did he finish his homework.
– Rich isn’t very smart, nor
– Rich won’t pass language arts, nor
51
“For” and “Nor”
• Rich can’t go to the movies, nor
• Rich wasn’t at school, nor
52
Compound Sentences
• Combine two simple sentences to form
a compound sentence.
sub
verb
– Stacy needed a new dress.
sub
verb
– She went shopping.
sub
verb
sub
verb
I,cI – Stacy needed a new dress, so she went
shopping.
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sub
verb
• Jose studied for the test.
sub verb
• He got an A.
sub
verb
sub verb
• Jose studied for the test, so he got
an A.
I,cI
54
sub
verb
• Tina wanted a puppy.
sub
verb
• Her parents said no.
sub
verb
• Tina wanted a puppy, but her
sub
verb
parents said no.
I,cI
55
sub
verb
• The pool opens this weekend.
verb
sub
• We should go.
verb
sub
sub
• The pool opens this weekend; we
verb
should go.
I;I
56
sub
verb
• We should go to McDonald’s.
sub
verb
• They have cheap food.
sub
verb
• We should go to McDonald’s, for
sub
verb
they have cheap food.
I,cI
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verb
sub
• Celeste doesn’t like math.
verb
sub
• She doesn’t like history.
verb
sub
• Celeste doesn’t like math, nor
verb
sub
does she like history.
I,cI
58
sub
verb
• We could play video games.
verb
sub
• We could listen to music
sub
verb
• We could
play video games, or
verb
sub
we could listen to music.
59
How to build a compound
sentence
independent clause
represented by
I ,c
I,cI
independent clause
I
represented by
, conjunction independent clause
;
I
independent clause
;
I
I;I
60
Compound Sentence
Formulas
• I,cI Independent Clause,
conjunction Independent Clause
• I;I Independent Clause;
Independent Clause
61
Complex Sentences
• A complex sentence has one
independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
• A dependent clause is a group of
words with a subject and verb that
cannot stand alone.
62
Complex Sentences
• I like Sally because she is funny.
• Kathy will be late for dinner since
the meeting is still in progress.
• The game will end when one team
scores.
63
Dependent Clauses
• My brother hit me.
• when my brother hit me
• I love pizza.
• because I love pizza
64
Subordinating Conjunctions
• Sneaky little words that turn
independent clauses into
dependent clauses.
65
Some words that can be used
as subordinating conjunctions
are:
after
although
as
as if
as long as
as soon as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
in order that
just as
like
once
provided
rather than
since
so that
than
though
unless
until
when
whenever
while
66
How to build a complex
sentence
dependent clause
represented by
D
,
,
D,I
independent clause
I
dependent clause
I
represented by
independent clause
D
ID
67
Formula Card
Simple Sentences
sv
ssv
svv
Compound Sentences
I,cI
I;I
ssvv
Complex Sentences
D,I
ID
68
Dependent Clause First
• Comma needed
– When I get to Phoenix, you’ll be
sleeping.
– After the players practiced, they
went out for a pizza.
– Until the storm is over, we will not
know about the damage.
69
Independent Clause First
• Comma not needed
– You will be sleeping when I get to
Phoenix.
– The players went out for a pizza
after they practiced.
– We will not know about the damage
until the storm is over.
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Examples
1. The sky looks as though we
might get some snow.
– ID
2. Whenever the birds fly south,
winter is on the way.
– D,I
3. Where there is smoke, there is
fire.
– D,I
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Examples
4. If Don is ready on time, he can
go to the game with us.
D,I
5. Will you wait for me while I speak
to Mrs. Meents?
ID
6. That car is perfect for me
because I can afford its upkeep.
ID
72