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Editor In Chief Lesson 14 Grammar Reminder: If a passage is written in past tense, the verbs must REMAIN in past tense. Exception is in dialogue. Punctuation Comma with nonessential appositive A nonrestrictive or nonessential appositive should be set off by commas. Examples: • The Mardsens, our nearest neighbors, left on vacation today. • My brother’s dog, the big white one, is rolling in the leaves. • Mr. Smith, the chef, created a scrumptious meal! Content Remember to carefully study the illustration and caption. Pay attention to details. This information is always correct. The error is in the text. Punctuation Run-on Sentences Either create two sentences, ending the first with a period and starting the second with a capital letter Or use a semicolon to separate the sentences Or use a comma and coordinating conjunction Examples: • INCORRECT: One sea lion balanced a ball another sea lion waved his flipper. • CORRECT: One sea lion balanced a ball. Another sea lion waved his flipper. • CORRECT: One sea lion balanced a ball; another sea lion waved his flipper. • CORRECT: One sea lion balanced a ball, while another sea lion waved his flipper. Grammar Maintain verb tense throughout a text. The exception is if used in dialogue. Usage Agreement of Verb with Subject Verb and subject must agree in number (both be singular OR both be plural) Nouns ending in –s are plural Verbs ending in –s are singular (most of the time); not ending in –s are plural Exception: verbs used with “I” or “You” • I go, you go; however, he goes, she goes, it goes, they go, and we go Example: • The difficulties of going on the long trip were apparent. • Subject: the difficulties (plural) • Verb: were (plural) Grammar Linking Verbs: express a state or condition, rather than an action They link the subject to a complement that identifies or describes the subject • Anchovies taste salty. • That dog looks thin. Some linking verbs can also be used as an action verb. To test, substitute the appropriate forms of “is” and “seem” for the verb. If it still makes sense, then the verb is a linking verb. • Linking Verb: He remains happy. (He is happy. He seems happy.) • Action Verb: He remains happily at the park. (He is happily at the park. He seems happily at the park.) Grammar A personal pronoun replaces a noun or pronouns. The pronoun must always agree is gender and number with the noun or nouns it replaces. A possessive pronoun may be used before a noun to show possession, or a possessive pronoun may stand alone. Possessive pronouns before a noun include: my, your, his, her, its, our your, their. Possessive pronouns that may stand alone include: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs. Grammar Who vs. Whom: If you are using as a subject, use who. If you are using as the object, use whom. Subject: Who is coming for dinner? Object: Whom are we waiting for? Easiest way to know: drop who/whom and the words preceding it and make a sentence with the words that are left by adding he or him. If you use “he”, then the sentence needs a subject (who); use “him”, needs an object (whom).