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GRAMMAR REVIEW Appositives Clauses Verbals Appositives • An appositive is a noun that renames another noun. 1st Noun 2nd Noun - APPOSITIVE Jojo, the crazy monkey, likes to eat the bananas Mrs. Bell gives her. Appositives • Lulu, the teacher’s pet, always makes good grades. – “pet” renames “Lulu” • Mrs. Wallace does not like, her next-door neighbor’s dog, Sandy. – “Sandy” renames “dog” • The novel, his greatest work of all time, is on the bestseller list. – “work” renames “novel” Appositives Don’t confuse Appositives with Predicate Nominatives. LINKING VERB = PN – Example: Henry is a student. • Even though “student” is the second noun in the sentence, it is not an appositive because “is” is a linking verb. The Difference Between Clauses and Verbals… A CLAUSE has a subject and a verb. A VERBAL does not. It is just a phrase. Clauses Adverb Noun Adjective Clauses • A clause contains a subject and a verb. –Examples: He ran, I talked, Why they jaywalked, Before she attacked Noun Clauses act as subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and objects of prepositions Noun Clauses • There are three kinds of subordinate clauses, and one of them is the noun clause. • The noun clause can be used in a sentence four ways – as a subject, direct object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition. Noun Clauses • Noun Clause as Subject – Whatever I ate made my stomach queasy. Noun Clauses • Noun Clause as Direct Object – The dog chased whoever had stolen his bone. Noun Clause • Noun Clause as Predicate Nominative – You are whoever you want to be. ** This is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE and not an APPOSITIVE because of the linking verb “are.” ** Noun Clause • Noun Clause as Object of a Preposition – The creepy clown was hiding behind whoever entered the room last. Adjective Clauses modify nouns That • The books that are on the table are very heavy. – “That are on the table” describes the books. • The cookie that I ate had chocolate chunks in it. – “That I ate” describes the cookie. Who • The girl who likes baking brings cookies for everyone on Valentine’s Day. – “Who likes baking” describes the girl. • The boy who makes me laugh says a lot of strange things. – “Who makes me laugh” describes the boy. Which • London, which is a busy city, has over seven million residents. – “Which is a busy city” describes London. • My sixth period class, which is taught by Ms. Butz, is English III. – “Which is taught by Ms. Butz” describes the sixth period class. When do I use commas? • Restrictive clauses – do NOT need commas – The dog that ate my homework was a beagle. • “That ate my homework” narrows down which dog you are talking about. – Americans who vote are good citizens. • Americans is proper and plural, but in this sentence, you are not talking about all Americans. When do I use commas? (cont.) • Non-restrictive clauses – DO need commas – Paris, which is in France, is a beautiful city. • Almost all adjective clauses describing a proper noun must be surrounded by commas. – My ultimate dream, which is to climb Mount Everest, has not yet been fulfilled. • This dream has already been specified as the “ultimate dream”; therefore, “which is to climb Mount Everest” further describes the dream. Adverb Clauses modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Adverbial Clauses • An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb (modifies a verb). • Answers the questions HOW, WHEN, WHERE, UNDER WHAT CONDITION, TO WHAT EXTENT, WHY, etc. Examples of Adverbial Clauses • Until I stopped, Before the teacher understood, When the presentation ended, etc. (answer the question WHEN) • Because he died, Since Pedro was tired, etc. (answer the question WHY) • Where the Red Fern Grows, Wherever life takes you, etc. (answer the question WHERE) Verbals Participles Gerunds Infinitives Participles serve as adjectives suffixes: –en –ed –ing Participles • Verbals ending in –ING (or –ED/–EN) • Function as ADJECTIVES (modify a noun). • Examples: – The snoozing student –“Sleeping Beauty” – The frozen steak Participial PHRASES • Participial phrase: Participle + other words related to the participle – The PowerPoint educating the students – The miserable castaway eating his own flesh – Huck, accompanying Jim on the journey, faces a great internal conflict. Gerunds serve as nouns suffix: –ing Gerunds • Gerunds are a form of a verb ending in “–ing” and functioning as a noun. – Ex: Swimming is a sport. • A gerund can be used in a sentence as a predicate nominative, a subject, a direct object, and the object of a preposition. Gerunds • Gerund as a Predicate Nominative • The second round of Fear Factor is eating cow’s eyes. Gerunds • Gerund as Subject • Doing my homework takes forever! Gerunds • Gerund as Direct Object • She loves throwing huge fireballs. Gerunds • Gerund as Object of the Preposition • Everyone knows that Edward Cullen sparkles after seeing the sun. Infinitives to + verb Don’t Be Confused. • DO NOT confuse infinitive phrases with prepositional ones. • Infinitive phrases: to + verb + object of the infinitive (noun) • Prepositional phrases: to + noun (location, person, etc) Ex. Go to the market. – prepositional phrase Go to have fun. – infinitive phrase Infinitives Used as Adverbs • I studied to pass Mr. Sager’s exam. – Why did I study? I studied so that I would pass Mr. Sager’s exam. “To pass” describes “study.” • Save the cheerleader to save the world. – Why do you need to save the cheerleader? You need to save her to save the world. Infinitives Used as Adjectives • The recipe to make brownies is on the first page. – Which recipe is on the first page? It is the recipe to make to make brownies. • There are many ways to give back to your community. – “To give back” describes “ways.” “To your community” is a prepositional phrase. Infinitives Used as Appositives • My hobby, to draw, is fun. – “To draw” identifies which hobby is fun. • Her dream, to sing in an opera, is unrealistic. – “To sing in an opera” identifies which dream of hers is unrealistic. Infinitives Used as Nouns • To succeed in Calculus BC is my goal. – What is my goal? It is to succeed in Calculus BC. “To succeed” is the subject. • Joy and I like to sing. – "To sing" is the direct object. It answers the question, “What do Joy and I like to do?” Introductory Infinitive Phrases • To prepare for the in-class essay, Emily took notes on the themes in the novel as she read. • To study for the vocabulary quiz, Robin made flashcards. • To raise her participation grade, Lienna made as many comments as she could.