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Miguel and Marcela Homework February 2012 The Parts of Speech Traditional grammar classifies words based on nine parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the article, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/partsp.html Verb The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. Noun A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea Pronoun A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. . Adjective An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies Article A/an are used to show one non-specific thing. The is used to show a specific thing or things http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/partsp.html Adverb An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions Preposition A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. Conjunction You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases. Interjection An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/partsp.html SIMPLE, and COMPOUND SENTENCES . A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red. A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying. ACTION VERBS Action verbs are used to show when somebody does something. Action verbs can also be actions you can't see such as: Sue thought about pets. She wanted a puppy. Action verbs are time-telling verbs. They also tell when something takes place. Examples: My dog runs faster than yours. (present tense) Yesterday he ran around the block. (past tense) Tomorrow he will run in a race. (future tense) Actions verbs main be used alone as the main verb of a sentence; as in: My kitten fell into the pond. Or the action verb may use a helping verb; as in: If you get too close to the edge, you will fall too. source: http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/verb/1action.htm MODAL VERBS Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. 1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person. 2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. 3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses. source: http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/alfonsolopez/files/Modal%20Verbs.pdf LINKING VERBS A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject. The play is Waiting for Godot. Some of us thought that the play was very good. Others thought it became tedious after the first fifteen minutes. The cast appears disorganised and confused; perhaps Beckett intended this. The play seems absurd to me. Linking verbs are either verbs of sensation ("feel," "look," "smell," "sound," "taste") or verbs of existence ("act," "appear," "be," "become," "continue," "grow," "prove," "remain," "seem," "sit," "stand," "turn"). source: http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/link.html AUXILIARY VERBS Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive. The verb "be" The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb: The verb "have" The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.) The verb "will" The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses. The verb "do" The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.) source: http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/link.html The four skills Verb strings Simple Compound complex Parts of speech Phrases Clauses sentencces