* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Sentence study I
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Antisymmetry wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Relative clause wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sloppy identity wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
English (BA 503) Week 3 Sentence Study D.Deeprasert 1 • • • • • • • • Sentence Formation Subject Object/ Complement Modifiers Types of Sentences Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence D.Deeprasert 2 Objectives The students are expected to be able to 1. identify word functions in a sentence; 2. state correctly what type of each sentence in a paragraph is; D.Deeprasert 3 Words Words are classified based on eight parts of speech . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. D.Deeprasert 4 Verb • Transitive Verb - Dracula bites his victims on the neck. • Intransitive Verb - The boy ran away as fast as he could. D.Deeprasert 5 Linking Verbs A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject. verbs of sensation "feel," "look," "smell," "sound," "taste” verbs of existence "act," "appear," "be," "become," "continue," "grow," "prove," "remain," "seem," "turn". D.Deeprasert 6 Example - Others thought it became tedious after the first fifteen minutes. In this sentence, the linking verb "became" links the subject "it" to the subject complement "tedious." - Some of us thought that the play was very good. ( The verb "was" links the subject complement "very good" to subject "the play". - The play seems ridiculous to me. - He tried hard to appear calm. D.Deeprasert 7 Linking – Griffin insists that the water tastes terrible. In this sentence, the adjective "terrible" is a subject complement that describes a quality of the water. Transitive – I tasted the soup before adding more salt. Here the noun phrase "the soup" identifies what "I tasted." "The soup" is the direct object of the verb "tasted." http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/ link.html#linking%20verb D.Deeprasert 8 Nouns • The bear caught a salmon in the stream. • Portia White was an opera singer. D.Deeprasert 9 • A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, and an object complement. D.Deeprasert 10 Pronoun Pronouns are classified into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun. D.Deeprasert 11 We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m. Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest coffee shop in the city center. Ours is the green one on the corner. Three customers wanted these. Who wrote the novel Rockbound? The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected. Make sure you give everyone a copy of the amended bylaws. Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his email to himself. D.Deeprasert 12 Adjectives An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. D.Deeprasert 13 • He is a Mexican boy. • He is a quiet man. • I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook. • Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these. • What book are you reading? D.Deeprasert 14 Adverb An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". D.Deeprasert 15 • Modify a verb: - John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?) - She never smokes. (When does she smoke?) • Modify an adjective: - He is really handsome. • Modify another adverb: - She drives incredibly slowly. D.Deeprasert 16 Prepositions A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in: • She left before breakfast. • Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. • Her birthday is on 20 November. D.Deeprasert 17 Conjunctions • A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. Here are some example conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so Subordinating Conjunctions: although, because, since, unless D.Deeprasert 18 • Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example: - Jack and Jill went up the hill. - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming. • Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: - I went swimming although it was cold. D.Deeprasert 19 Interjection An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. Ouch, that hurt! Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today. Hey! Put that down! I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high! D.Deeprasert 20 Phrase A group of words forming a sentence but without a finite verb. Walk slowly A handsome man D.Deeprasert 21 Clause group of words with a subject and predicate but not necessarily expressing a complete idea - i.e. the words do not necessarily make a sentence. When I was fifteen If I were a millionaire D.Deeprasert 22 Clause There are two types of clauses: 1. Independent clause (simple sentence) e.g. Peter was ill. It can stand alone. e.g. Peter laughed. 2. Subordinate/dependent clause (subordinator+ independent clause) It can not stand e.g. Because Peter was ill, .... alone. e.g. Since Peter could not concentrate well, .... *Note: a subordinate clause by itself is not a complete sentence. It must be combined with an independent clause to become one. D.Deeprasert 23 Independent Clause Independen t Clause the Prime Minister is in Ottawa when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa Dependent Clause D.Deeprasert 24 The committee will meet tomorrow. Adverb of time The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa. Dependent Clause functions as an adverb (adverb clause) D.Deeprasert 25 Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause D.Deeprasert 26 What is a sentence? A sentence is a group of words that : • must contain at least one subject and one verb • must also express a complete thought • must end with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!) D.Deeprasert 27 Sentence Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject. D.Deeprasert 28 Examples 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Nelly is intelligent. She works hard. Laughter heals. Was he upset? Whose mobile phone is this? They seem lost. It won't rain. Don't cry! * Please switch off the fan.* D.Deeprasert 29 Non-sentence examples 1. The lady in red. (There is no verb.) 2. Was very good (There is no subject.) 3. The thief stole (This is not a complete thought.) 4. Although he was sad (This is not a complete thought.) 5. Last night at about ten (There is no subject or verb.) D.Deeprasert 30 Sentence Types • • • • The simple sentence. The compound sentence. The complex sentence. The compound-complex sentence. D.Deeprasert 31 SIMPLE SENTENCES I. The Simple Sentence A simple sentence consists of only one independent clause. REMEMBER: Compound subjects and verbs may exist in one clause. http://its.fvtc.edu/bunnowr/ITV/Sentences%20-%20Structure%20pamphlet.htm D.Deeprasert 32 Simple sentence Simple sentence: 1. One single clause (independent clause) / Subject + Verb + (Object) e.g. Peter likes swimming. e.g. Peter is sleeping. 2. Phrase + independent clause e.g. In spite of the problems, Peter managed to finish his work on time. e.g. Feeling not very well, Peter still managed to finish his work on time. D.Deeprasert 33 • Jane ran around the house. (simple subject; simple verb) • Jane and Gary ran and stumbled. (compound subject; compound verb) • Alice and Joy sang the duet. (compound subject; simple verb) • The woman with the blue feathered hat drove the car to the end of the route. (simple subject; simple verb) D.Deeprasert 34 COMPOUND SENTENCES A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. Simple Sentenc e Canada is a rich country. Still, it has many poor people. Simple Sentenc e Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people. Compound D.Deeprasert Sentence 35 Compound sentence Compound sentence: Independent clause + coordinator + independent clause e.g. Peter was sick but he did not see a doctor. e.g. Peter was sick and he could not concentrate well. D.Deeprasert 36 A compound sentence is most effective when you use it to create a sense of balance or contrast between two (or more) equallyimportant pieces of information: Montreal has better clubs, but Toronto has better cinemas. Independent Clause Independent Clause D.Deeprasert 37 The independent clauses of a compound sentence may be connected in one of two ways. – Connect the two clauses with a coordinate conjunction and a comma. – Connect the two clauses with a semi-colon. • After class, Alan went to the movies, but John went home. • The car stopped, and the light turned red. • The horse jumped the fence; the cow kicked the bucket. D.Deeprasert 38 COMPLEX SENTENCES A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. D.Deeprasert 39 Complex sentence Complex sentence: Independent clause + subordinate clause (subordinator + independent clause) e.g. Peter went back to school although he was not feeling well. e.g. Whether students attend classes should be optional. e.g. Peter would have passed the exam if if he had worked harder. D.Deeprasert 40 • • • • They came after we left. We hid under the bridge until they passed. The plan which seemed the best was missing. After the storm was over, we waited until the water level went down. (multiple dependent clauses – beginning and end. D.Deeprasert 41 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES: Compound-Complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. • • • We left, and the party ended after they came. The booklet will be helpful, and the instructions will be clear when you read them. The paper which is on the table will give the information, and if you follow directions, you will find the treasure. D.Deeprasert 42 The following are some common subordinators: Time Person Thing Contrast Condition Purpose Reason Info. after who which although if In order that as where as soon as whom that even though Even if So that because why before whose however unless since how since that In spite of In case until what despite when whenever D.Deeprasert 43