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Download VERB - Ms. Stanton: English (GHS)
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Part 1: Parts of Speech: Definitions Please take notes! How Language Actually Works • The basic word order of English sentences is: ▫ SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT (also known as SVO) ▫ The woman [S] built [V] a wall [O]. ▫ Will [S] would talk [V] to a wall [O]. ▫ Chris [S] sleeps [V] at his desk[O]. ▫ Tiffany [S] reads [V] books [O]. Nouns • A noun is: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ A person (student, cheerleader, Ms. Stanton) A place (school, Virginia, home) A thing (cat, pencil, desk) Or an idea (dream, loyalty, imagination) Capitalization • Always capitalize names ▫ People’s names (Justin Timberlake) ▫ Names of political, racial, social, national and athletic groups (Democrats, Native Americans, the Eagles) ▫ Place names (Paris, France) ▫ Date and event names (October 1st, 2013) ▫ Historic Events (World War II) ▫ Titles of Works (“Applause” by Lady Gaga) Possessives • Possessive demonstrate ownership of things (also known as nouns) using apostrophes (‘this thing) • To create a possessive of an object, simply add an “ –’s” to the word ▫ Allens late pass Allen’s late pass ▫ Josies phone Josie’s phone • If the word is plural and already ends in s, just add an apostrophe ▫ The boys facial hair boys’ facial hair Curran and Michael both have facial hair, so “boys” is plural Noun Markers • There are three noun markers. These words are also sometimes called “determiners” or “articles.” • Noun Markers indicate that a noun is being quantified (counted). • The three noun markers are: ▫a ▫ an ▫ the Pronouns • Pronouns replace a noun. The most common type of pronouns are personal pronouns. Singular Sing. Possessive Plural Plural Possessive Reflexive 1st Person I, me my, mine us, we our, ours myself, ourselves 2nd Person you your, yours you your, yours yourself, yourselves 3rd Person he, him, she, her, it his, hers, its they, them their, theirs himself, herself, themselves Combining Sentences • One of the easiest ways to improve your writing is to combine multiple short sentences that use pronouns as their subject. • The students [S] waited. ▫ They [S] waited for the lunch period to come. ▫ They [S] were anxious. • The students [S] anxiously waited for the lunch period to come. Adjectives • Adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, or adjectives: ▫ (In grammar, “modify” means “describe;” therefore, an adjective describes a noun) • Adjectives modify nouns by explaining: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ What kind? (a fast car) How much? (lots of time) How many? (seven dwarves) Which one? (the black cat) Verbs • Verbs show actions or state of being ▫ Action verbs: run, shop, read ▫ Linking Verbs (and Helping Verbs) is, are, was, were, am, be, been, do, did, does, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, can, could, will, would! ie: He is jogging. She must read directions. Adverbs • Adverbs modify verbs. • An adjective is to a noun as an adverb is to a verb! (adjective : noun :: adverb : verb) • An adverb tells you how a verb is performed • HINT: Most common adverbs end in “-ly” • He eats quickly. They read slowly. You did well on your test. Prepositions • The toughest one to define! • A preposition links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in the sentence. • …WHA??? • Prepositions tell you where or how a noun interacts with an object, for example • The dog jumped over the fence. She hid behind her mother. • Often “directional” The Preposition Trick • The squirrel ran ________ the tree. • Any word that fits in the blank is a preposition. ▫ in, over, under, around, after, before, behind, from, by, through, against, etc The squirrel ran FROM the tree. Conjunctions • Conjunctions link words and phrases together • Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) ▫ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ▫ These connect independent phrases or lists. ▫ I ran across the parking lot, and a crazy cat chased me. • Subordinating conjunctions (AWUBIS) ▫ after, although, because, since, while, however, etc ▫ These connect an independent phrase with a dependent phrase Interjections! • Interjections are words added to a sentence to convey emotion. • Yay! Hey! Oh! GOLLY GEE WIZ! • They also include “filler words” or “unintelligibles.” ▫ um, uh, like Part 2: Complete Sentences Hooray! Please take notes! Complete Sentences • Subject + Verb (+ Complete thought) • Ms. Stanton (S) + is (V) + a crazy cat lady (CT) • Grafton (S) + rocks (V) + spirit week (CT). • He (S) + runs (V) + quickly across the parking lot to escape the wrath of his mom (CT). Sentence Fragments • Incomplete sentences • The printer. • Deep, deep thoughts. • Such as rainbows, unicorns, and mermaids. • Sentence fragments may be missing a subject OR a verb. BOTH ARE TRAGIC OMISSIONS. ahhh Fragments Missing a Verb No main verb • Fragment: A story with deep thoughts and emotions. Possible Revisions: ▫ Direct object: He told a story with deep thoughts and emotions. ▫ Appositive: Justin Bieber’s “Baby," a musical narrative lacking deep thoughts of any kind, has set a poor example for young men for several years. Fragments Missing a Subject No Subject • Fragment: For doing freelance work for a competitor got Phil fired. • Possible Revisions: ▫ Remove preposition: Doing freelance work for a competitor got Phil fired. ▫ Rearrange: Phil got fired for doing freelance work for a competitor. Run on Sentences • often sentences lacking correct punctuation Fused Sentences • two complete sentences that are combined without proper punctuation or conjunctions • Ex: I am a crazy cat lady don’t judge me. SOLUTIONS: • I am a crazy cat lady; don’t judge me. (Semicolon) • I am a crazy cat lady. Don’t judge me. (Period) • I am a crazy cat lady, but don’t judge me. (Conjunction) The dreaded Comma Splice • Commas cannot separate sentences. They just can’t • Ex. I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta, Team Gale is way better duh. • Solutions: • I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta; Team Gale is way better. Duh. • Ex. I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta. Team Gale is way better duh. Part 3: Independent and dependent Clauses, OH MY! Keep it going with the notes, please! Clauses • There are two types of clauses that you REALLY need to know and understand • INDEPENDENT • DEPENDENT Independent Clauses • group of words that contains: • Can stand alone as a grammatically complete sentence Subject + Verb + Complete Thought=IC • Can stand alone as a grammatically complete sentence Dependent Clauses • group of words that cannot stand alone as a grammatically complete sentence Subordinating Conjunction + subject or verb Subordinating Conjunctions • words that create and signal dependent clauses • could be a warning for a sentence fragment because they cannot stand alone A W U B I S Part 4: Sentence Types Which type represents your personality? Simple Sentences • Subject + Verb (+ Complete Thought). • Independent clause (can stand alone). • Ex. My cat cried all night long. • Ex. I woke up late. • Ex. Thursdays are the worst. Compound Sentences • Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) or Semicolon (;) + Independent Clause • Ex. I woke up late, and I was late for school. Poor me. • Ex. I woke up late; Everything sucks forever. Poor me. Complex Sentences • one independent clause + comma + one dependent clause (order does not matter) • Ex. If only my students loved learning about grammar, we could spend every class practicing our mad grammatical skills. • Ex. We could spend every class practicing our mad grammatical skills, if only my students loved learning about grammar. Compound-Complex Sentences • two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction or a Semicolon (;) + one dependent clause • Ex. Because my cat is whiny and annoying, I overslept, and now my whole day is ruined. • Ex. The printer is being grouchy, and even though I would like to throw something at it, I will not do so.