Download VERB - Ms. Stanton: English (GHS)

Part 1:
Parts of Speech: Definitions
Please take notes!
How Language Actually Works
• The basic word order of English sentences is:
▫ SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT (also known as
SVO)
▫ The woman [S] built [V] a wall [O].
▫ Will [S] would talk [V] to a wall [O].
▫ Chris [S] sleeps [V] at his desk[O].
▫ Tiffany [S] reads [V] books [O].
Nouns
• A noun is:
▫
▫
▫
▫
A person (student, cheerleader, Ms. Stanton)
A place (school, Virginia, home)
A thing (cat, pencil, desk)
Or an idea (dream, loyalty, imagination)
Capitalization
• Always capitalize names
▫ People’s names (Justin Timberlake)
▫ Names of political, racial, social, national and
athletic groups (Democrats, Native Americans,
the Eagles)
▫ Place names (Paris, France)
▫ Date and event names (October 1st, 2013)
▫ Historic Events (World War II)
▫ Titles of Works (“Applause” by Lady Gaga)
Possessives
• Possessive demonstrate ownership of things
(also known as nouns) using apostrophes
(‘this thing)
• To create a possessive of an object, simply add
an “ –’s” to the word
▫ Allens late pass Allen’s late pass
▫ Josies phone Josie’s phone
• If the word is plural and already ends in s, just
add an apostrophe
▫ The boys facial hair boys’ facial hair
 Curran and Michael both have facial hair, so “boys”
is plural
Noun Markers
• There are three noun markers. These words are
also sometimes called “determiners” or
“articles.”
• Noun Markers indicate that a noun is being
quantified (counted).
• The three noun markers are:
▫a
▫ an
▫ the
Pronouns
• Pronouns replace a noun. The most common
type of pronouns are personal pronouns.
Singular
Sing.
Possessive
Plural
Plural
Possessive
Reflexive
1st Person
I, me
my, mine
us, we
our, ours
myself,
ourselves
2nd Person
you
your, yours
you
your, yours
yourself,
yourselves
3rd Person
he, him,
she, her, it
his, hers, its
they, them
their, theirs
himself,
herself,
themselves
Combining Sentences
• One of the easiest ways to improve your writing
is to combine multiple short sentences that use
pronouns as their subject.
• The students [S] waited.
▫ They [S] waited for the lunch period to come.
▫ They [S] were anxious.
• The students [S] anxiously waited for the lunch
period to come.
Adjectives
• Adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, or
adjectives:
▫ (In grammar, “modify” means “describe;”
therefore, an adjective describes a noun)
• Adjectives modify nouns by explaining:
▫
▫
▫
▫
What kind? (a fast car)
How much? (lots of time)
How many? (seven dwarves)
Which one? (the black cat)
Verbs
• Verbs show actions or state of being
▫ Action verbs:
 run, shop, read
▫ Linking Verbs (and Helping Verbs)
 is, are, was, were, am, be, been, do, did, does, shall,
should, may, might, must, have, has, had, can, could,
will, would!
 ie: He is jogging. She must read directions.
Adverbs
• Adverbs modify verbs.
• An adjective is to a noun as an adverb is to a
verb! (adjective : noun :: adverb : verb)
• An adverb tells you how a verb is performed
• HINT: Most common adverbs end in “-ly”
• He eats quickly. They read slowly. You did well
on your test.
Prepositions
• The toughest one to define!
• A preposition links nouns, pronouns, and
phrases to other words in the sentence.
• …WHA???
• Prepositions tell you where or how a noun
interacts with an object, for example
• The dog jumped over the fence. She hid behind
her mother.
• Often “directional”
The Preposition Trick
• The squirrel ran ________ the tree.
• Any word that fits in the blank is a preposition.
▫ in, over, under, around, after, before, behind,
from, by, through, against, etc
The squirrel ran
FROM the tree.
Conjunctions
• Conjunctions link words and phrases together
• Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
▫ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
▫ These connect independent phrases or lists.
▫ I ran across the parking lot, and a crazy cat chased me.
• Subordinating conjunctions (AWUBIS)
▫ after, although, because, since, while, however, etc
▫ These connect an independent phrase with a
dependent phrase
Interjections!
• Interjections are words added to a sentence to
convey emotion.
• Yay! Hey! Oh! GOLLY GEE WIZ!
• They also include “filler words” or
“unintelligibles.”
▫ um, uh, like
Part 2:
Complete Sentences Hooray!
Please take notes!
Complete Sentences
• Subject + Verb (+ Complete thought)
• Ms. Stanton (S) + is (V) + a crazy cat lady (CT)
• Grafton (S) + rocks (V) + spirit week (CT).
• He (S) + runs (V) + quickly across the parking
lot to escape the wrath of his mom (CT).
Sentence Fragments
• Incomplete sentences
• The printer.
• Deep, deep thoughts.
• Such as rainbows, unicorns, and mermaids.
• Sentence fragments may be missing a subject OR
a verb. BOTH ARE TRAGIC OMISSIONS. ahhh
Fragments Missing a Verb
No main verb
• Fragment: A story with deep thoughts and
emotions.
Possible Revisions:
▫ Direct object: He told a story with deep thoughts
and emotions.
▫ Appositive: Justin Bieber’s “Baby," a musical
narrative lacking deep thoughts of any kind, has
set a poor example for young men for several
years.
Fragments Missing a Subject
No Subject
• Fragment: For doing freelance work for a
competitor got Phil fired.
• Possible Revisions:
▫ Remove preposition: Doing freelance work for a
competitor got Phil fired.
▫ Rearrange: Phil got fired for doing freelance work
for a competitor.
Run on Sentences
• often sentences lacking correct punctuation
Fused Sentences
• two complete sentences that are combined
without proper punctuation or conjunctions
• Ex: I am a crazy cat lady don’t judge me.
SOLUTIONS:
• I am a crazy cat lady; don’t judge me. (Semicolon)
• I am a crazy cat lady. Don’t judge me. (Period)
• I am a crazy cat lady, but don’t judge me.
(Conjunction)
The dreaded Comma Splice
• Commas cannot separate sentences. They just
can’t
• Ex. I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta, Team Gale
is way better duh.
• Solutions:
• I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta; Team Gale is way
better. Duh.
• Ex. I can’t believe you’re Team Peeta. Team Gale is
way better duh.
Part 3:
Independent and dependent
Clauses, OH MY!
Keep it going with the notes,
please!
Clauses
• There are two types of clauses that you REALLY
need to know and understand
• INDEPENDENT
• DEPENDENT
Independent Clauses
• group of words that contains:
• Can stand alone as a grammatically complete
sentence
Subject + Verb + Complete Thought=IC
• Can stand alone as a grammatically complete
sentence
Dependent Clauses
• group of words that cannot stand alone as a
grammatically complete sentence
Subordinating Conjunction + subject or verb
Subordinating Conjunctions
• words that create and signal dependent clauses
• could be a warning for a sentence fragment
because they cannot stand alone
A
W
U
B
I
S
Part 4:
Sentence Types
Which type represents your
personality?
Simple Sentences
• Subject + Verb (+ Complete Thought).
• Independent clause (can stand alone).
• Ex. My cat cried all night long.
• Ex. I woke up late.
• Ex. Thursdays are the worst.
Compound Sentences
• Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction
(FANBOYS) or Semicolon (;) + Independent
Clause
• Ex. I woke up late, and I was late for school.
Poor me.
• Ex. I woke up late; Everything sucks forever.
Poor me.
Complex Sentences
• one independent clause + comma + one
dependent clause (order does not matter)
• Ex. If only my students loved learning about
grammar, we could spend every class practicing
our mad grammatical skills.
• Ex. We could spend every class practicing our
mad grammatical skills, if only my students
loved learning about grammar.
Compound-Complex Sentences
• two or more independent clauses connected by a
coordinating conjunction or a Semicolon (;) +
one dependent clause
• Ex. Because my cat is whiny and annoying, I
overslept, and now my whole day is ruined.
• Ex. The printer is being grouchy, and even
though I would like to throw something at it, I
will not do so.