Download Seven basic sentence patterns

Lecture2
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Sentence structure
Objectives:
1. Grammatical Hierarchy
2. Clause elements : subject and
predicate
3. Two ways of sentence analysis
4. Seven basic sentence patterns
5. Transformation and expansion of
basic clause types
2. Grammatical Hierarchy
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Morpheme
(free morpheme, bound morpheme)
Word
1)classification in terms of word-formation
(simple word, derivative , compound)
2) classification in terms of grammatical function
(open-class words, closed-class words)
Phrase
(noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase,
adverb phrase, prepositional phrase)
• Clause
• ( independent clause , dependent/subordinate
clause)
– subject clause
– object clause
– predicative clause
– adverbial clause
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-- appositive clause.
• Sentence (full sentence , minor sentence)
• 1) classification in terms of the purpose of
the speaker
• statement, question ( general question,
special question，alternative question ,tag
question), imperative sentence , exclamation
2. Clause elements
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Subject and predicate
• Subject— the topic or theme of the
sentence, which tells of what the
sentence is about. It is generally
realized by a noun phrase or an
equivalent of noun phrase
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Predicate—says something about the
subject and keeps the new information
which the speaker or writer wants to
transmit to the listener or reader. It
generally consists of a verb phrase
with or without a complementation.
3.
Two ways of sentence
analysis
• 1) To divide the predicate into predicate
verb, object, complement and adverbial.
These elements together with the subject
make the five clause elements.
• 2) To divide the predicate into operator
(aux. Or the first aux. in a complex verb
phrase) and predication (It comprises the
main verb with its complementation, which
including object, complement or adverbial.)
4. Seven basic sentence patterns
• Simple sentences have seven basic
patterns:
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SV （主—动）
SVC (主—动—补)
SVO（主—动—宾）
SV0O（主—动—宾-宾）
SVOC（主—动—宾—补）
SVA（主—动—状）
SVOA（主—动—宾—状）
• SV (usu. V is intransitive verb.)
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--Day broke.
--Things change.
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SVC ( usu. V is linking verb.)
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--The doctors seemed very capable.
--He died young.
SVO (usu. V is transitive verb/
monotransitive verb.)
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• --I want a cup of tea.
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--Robbie didn’t deny the facts.
--She heard whisperings.
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SV0O ( V is ditransitive verb.)
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--We gave the baby a bath.
--He gave me a nice present.
--Judith paid me a visit.
• SVOC（主—动—宾—补）( V is complex
transitive verb.)
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• --I found this book easy.
• --He watched the maid come in.
• --I heard him coming up the stairs slowly,
as if he were carrying something heavy.
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SVA (A=adverbial)
--He will flying to shanghai.
--They stayed in a hotel.
SVOA
--I met her at the railway station.
-- I put the material evidence in front of
him.
SV0O
• In SV0O，sometimes indirect object can be
shifted to the direct object by using
correspondent prepositions such as “to”，
“for”，“of” . that is: “v＋sb/sth＋prep＋sb”。
compare：
• Betty gave her daughter an apple.
• →Betty gave an apple to her daughter.
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Father bought him a bike.
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→Father bought a bike for him.
He asked me a question.
• →He asked a question of me.
SV0O
• 1) Verbs that can be used in “v.＋
sb/sth＋to＋sb”：
• bring, take, show, pass, lend, return；
owe, offer, leave, give, send, teach，
read, write, pay etc. eg:
• owe money to the bank
offer battle to someone
SV0O
• --We want a teacher to teach us violin.
• --He offered me a glass of wine..
• --She brought her sister to my office.
• --He died two and a half years later,
leaving everything to his wife.
• 2) Verbs that can be used in “v＋sb/sth
＋for＋sb”：
• find, spare, save, fetch, buy, get, make
• choose, pick, select , sing, play, cook，
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-- Please fetch some sandwiches for
this hungry boy.
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2) Verbs that can be used in “v＋sb/sth＋for
＋sb”：
• --Would you please spare me a cup of wine?
• --Has she made you an offer for your car?
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--He never made me an apology.
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5. Transformation and expansion
of basic clause types
• 1)
basic clause types statement
• affirmative -> negative
• active-> passive
• 2) Expansion of basic clause types
• Compound sentence (coordination:
linked by coordinators such as:
and, but, so, however, therefore, or )
• -- I don’t like her but John likes her very
much
• 2 Complex sentence (by means of adding
modifiers or subordinate clauses.)
• --Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked
at his image, wondering at the big change
that had come over him in recent years.
• Compound-complex sentence (by means
of the combination of coordination and
subordination.)
• eg:
• --The policeman looked at me suspiciously,
and he asked me what I wanted.