Download The Clause:

The Clause:
a group of words containing a subject
and predicate and used as part of a
sentence.
Independent (Main)
Clause
• a clause that makes complete sense
on its own, and therefore can stand
alone as a complete sentence.
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Stories entertain.
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Torch Day is Friday.
Subordinate (Dependent)
Clause
• a clause that contains a subject and a predicate
but cannot stand alone, and is used as a noun or a
modifier. SCs must be combined with an
independent clause.
•
Stories entertain because they are amusing.
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Stories that entertain amuse people.
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Whoever wrote that story has an odd sense
of humor.
• What is the function of each of the clauses
bolded above?
Subordinate Clauses
• usually begin with a subordinating
conjunction -
– Time: after, as, as soon as, before, since, until,
when, whenever, while
– Place: where, wherever
– Manner: as, as if, as though
– Cause: as, because, inasmuch as, since, so that
– Concession: although, even though, though
– Condition: if, than, unless
• After completing our homework, we watched a long
movie.
Subordinate Clauses
• …but they may also begin with a relative
pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, what
whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever,
that),
– Whatever you decide must be approved by the
committee.
• or a relative adverb (when, where, why).
– I do not understand why everyone was
complaining about the test.
• **If they begin with a relative word, they
are also known as relative clauses.**
The Adjective Clause
(Relative Clause)
• a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a
pronoun.
• An adjective clause is usually introduced by a
relative pronoun, but can also begin with when or
where, or the relative adjective whose.
– The movie that I watched last night was Bride of
Frankenstein.
– That is the house where I want to live.
– Students long for the time when school is out again.
– Do you know the boy whose locker jammed?
*** An Adjective clause usually follows the word it
modifies.***
Relative Pronoun
• a pronoun that begins a subordinate adjective clause
• Relative pronouns do three things:
– refer to a preceding noun or pronoun.
– connects its clause to the rest of the sentence
– performs a function within its own clause by serving
as the subject, object, etc., of the subordinate
clause
• **NB** At times, the relative pronoun is dropped at
the beginning of an adjective clause:
– Great Expectations is a book every student should
read.
– Mr. Raines’s lecture about Christmas was something
every student enjoyed hearing.
[The relative pronoun that is omitted.]
Essential and
Nonessential Clauses
• Some adjective clauses are restrictive (essential).
This means that without them, the meaning would
be unclear.
– Lord of the Flies is the only book (that) I didn’t like.
• Other Adj Cs are nonrestrictive (nonessential).
They are not needed for the meaning to be clear,
and are ALWAYS set off by commas.
– Lord of the Flies, which was written by William Golding,
was the only book I didn’t like.
• HINT: that usually introduces an essential clause,
which usually introduces a nonessential clause.
Practice
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1. Mrs. Blackmon, who recently married, changed her name in the
middle of the school year.
2. The interview with Matthew Copeland, which should appear
today, will run in the Birmingham News.
3. That is the iPod I want for Christmas.
4. I will never forget the day when I thought I failed the phrases
test, but got an ‘A’.
5. The people who are still helping the hurricane victims are mostly
religious organizations.
6. The Red Badge of Courage, which is by Stephen Crane, is the
last book we read.
7. The reason why I love Ms. Wilson’s class is because I love
English!
8. You can make up the test you missed on Wednesday.
9. The clauses test, which is on Tuesday, May 8th, will be the last
major grade for English this semester.
10. The boy who is extremely sarcastic is in my 6th period.
HW on Adjective Clauses
• WB pp. 107-110, Exercises 1-3
The Noun Clause
(also relative clauses)
• a subordinate clause used as a noun
• A noun clause may be introduced by an indefinite
relative pronoun (that, what, whatever, who, which,
whover, whichever, whom, whomever), an indefinite
relative adjective (whose, which, whatever), or an
indefinite relative adverb (where, when, how,
however, why).
– Whatever you want for dinner is fine with me.
– Do you know yet which car you will buy?
– I remember when I met all of you on the first day of
school.
The Noun Clause
• The Noun Clause may perform any function a noun performs:
S, DO, IO, PN, OP.
• **NB** Just like adjective clauses, noun clauses are
sometimes introduced without an introductory word:
• Adj:
– James Earl Jones is an actor whom I admire.
– James Earl Jones is an actor I admire.
• Noun:
– She says that I. M. Pei designed the glass pyramid at
the Louvre.
– She says I. M. Pei designed the glass pyramid at the
Louvre.
Practice
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When you read The Red Badge of Courage will be up to you.
I recommend you read it before the reading test.
When I was little, I found where my parents kept the Christmas
gifts.
I wonder when my students will begin studying for the semester
exam.
However much they study in advance will save them that much
time during finals week.
Why they procrastinate is a mystery to me.
What they need is a good dose of motivation.
That the old grammar book had errors was obviously not caught
by the book’s editors.
How to recognize elliptical adverb clauses was the topic of
discussion.
You may choose whichever seat you find most comfortable.
HW on Noun Clauses
• WB pp. 115-116, Ex. 1-2
• WB pp. 117-118, Ex. 4
The Adverb Clause
• a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where, how,
why, to what extent, or under what conditions.
• An adverb clause is usually introduced by a
subordinating conjunction. They can come either
before or after the main clause. When an adverb
clause comes before the independent clause,
separate it with a comma.
– Before I took the test, I studied for hours.
– I studied longer than I had ever studied before.
– I was happy because I passed the test.
The Adverb Clause
• **NB** Elliptical adverb clauses have
words left out of them. However, you can
easily supply the omitted words because
they are understood or implied.
– She can swim faster than I.
• [Can swim has been omitted.]
– While walking, she listens to the radio.
• [She is has been omitted.]
Practice
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1. You will certainly fail the reading test unless you read the book.
2. While decorating for Christmas, our family listens to an old tape
of Perry Como Christmas music.
3. It looks as though it might be warm all week.
4. Since we were in high school, my friends and I have gotten
together on New Year’s Eve to celebrate one friend’s birthday.
5. Whenever we can, we also go on an annual summer day trip to the
beach.
6. Although we are scattered across the country now, we still all
come home for the holidays to see family and friends.
7. Because we are such good friends, the distance means nothing,
especially since the invention of cell phones and email.
8. When something important happens, we drop everything to be
there for the other person.
9. When we meet over the holidays, it is often as if no time has
passed.
HW on Adverb Clauses
• WB pp. 111-114, Ex. 1-3
More Fun with Clauses:
The 4 Sentence Types
• Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause
and no subordinate clauses.
• A simple sentence may contain a compound subject and/or a
compound predicate. The subject and the predicate may
also be expanded with adjectives, adverbs, prepositional
phrases, appositives, and verbal phrases. As long as the
sentence has only one main clause, it remains a simple
sentence:
– Stories entertain.
– Stories and riddles entertain.
– Stories entertain and amuse.
– Stories and riddles entertain and amuse.
– Stories about the Old West entertain adults and amuse
children.
More Fun with Clauses:
The 4 Sentence Types
• Compound Sentence: a sentence composed
of two or more independent clauses but no
subordinate clauses.
• Each main clause has its own subject and
predicate and main clauses are usually
joined by a comma and coordinating
conjunction or by a semicolon.
– Stories entertain, and riddles amuse.
– Stories entertain, and riddles amuse, but
poems delight.
More Fun with Clauses:
The 4 Sentence Types
• Complex Sentence: a sentence that
contains one independent clause and
at least one subordinate clause.
– “Because I could not stop for Death, he
kindly stopped for me.” – Emily Dickinson
– Chicago is where the White Sox and
Cubs play.
More Fun with Clauses:
The 4 Sentence Types
• Compound-Complex Sentence: a
sentence that contains two or more
independent clauses and at least one
subordinate clause.
– The French word for house is maison,
but the Spanish word for house is casa,
which is derived from the Latin for
cottage.
HW on Sentence Types
• WB pp. 103-104, Ex. 1
• WB pp. 105-106, Ex. 1
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS
• Fragment: an error that occurs when an
incomplete sentence is punctuated as though it
were complete.
• A group of words is a complete sentence when it
has a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
• 3 things to look for when looking for sentence
fragments:
– 1) a group of words without a subject
– 2) a group of words without a predicate
– 3) a subordinate clause punctuated as if it
were a sentence.
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS
• 2 types:
• The Phrase Fragment – a group of words acting as a single
part of speech and not containing a verb and its subject
– Last week, I saw Gloria. Riding her new ten-speed
bicycle.
– The two weary hikers walking for hours.
• The Subordinate Clause Fragment – usually occurs before or
after a complete sentence to which the subordinate clause
should belong.
– The orchestra played “A Night in the Tropics.” Which
Louis Gottschalk wrote in 1859.
– When they stopped to rest. They checked their compass
and trail guide.
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS
• Run-on: two or more complete sentences written as
though they were one sentence.
• 2 types:
• Comma splice: two main clauses joined by only a comma
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva, we
still enjoyed the trip.
• Run-ons with no punctuation
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva we still
enjoyed the trip.
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva but we
still enjoyed the trip.
How to Correct a Run-on
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1) Add end punctuation and make two sentences:
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva. We still enjoyed
the trip.
2) Separate the clauses with a comma and coordinating conjunction:
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva, but we still enjoyed
the trip.
3) Separate the clauses with a semicolon:
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva; we still enjoyed the
trip.
4) Add a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb between the clauses:
– It rained the entire time we were in Geneva; however, we still
enjoyed the trip.
5) Change one of the main clauses to a subordinate clause. Add a
comma if the subordinate clause comes first:
– Even though it rained the entire time we were in Geneva, we still
enjoyed the trip.
Review for Fragments
and Run-ons
• WB pp. 121-124
HW on Identifying Types
of Subordinate Clauses
• P. 164-5 Degen Book (WS)
• Noun Subordinate Clauses and
Adjective Subordinate Clauses
• Three Types of Subordinate Clauses:
adverb, adjective, and noun
Test Format
• I. Definitions – Know the definitions of the following:
clause, independent clause, subordinate clause,
adjective clause, adverb clause, noun clause, simple
sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence,
compound-complex sentence, fragment, run-on.
• II. Identify clauses as independent, subordinate, or
not a clause (hint: phrase).
• III. Identify subordinate clauses as N, Adj, or Adv.
• IV. Identify function of N clauses: S, DO, IO, OP, PN
• V. Identify Sentence Types
• VI: Identify Fragments and Run-ons