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there / their / they’re Use there when indicating place (hint: here). Ex: There is an old haunted house. Use their when showing possession (hint: our). Ex: Their dog is so well behaved. Use they’re as a contraction for they are. Ex: They’re coming over for dinner. your / you’re Use your when showing possession. Ex: Your shirt is very nice. Use you’re as a contraction for you are. Ex: You’re getting a new puppy today! to / too Use to to indicate direction, location, or relationship (this word is a preposition) Ex: “My brother is married to an American.” Use too to mean “also” or “as well” Ex: “I am coming, too!” Nouns a noun is the name of a person, place, thing, quality, or idea. most name objects you can actually touch or see. other nouns represent ideas and feelings Examples: people: Vanessa, sister, lawyers places: Bay of Fundy, Harvey, school things: cell phone, legs, horse, chair ideas: love, friendship, courage, hope feelings: pride, love, fear, sadness, joy Proper Noun: names a specific person, place, or thing is always capitalized Examples Sir Paul McCartney, the Atlantic Ocean, Harvey High School, Fredericton, Monday, Bob Common Nouns: names any member of a general group of persons, places, things, or ideas. only have a capital letter when they begin a sentence. Examples: student, desk, teacher, airplane, ocean, river, love, hope, pen Compound Nouns: some common nouns are made up of more than one word only capitalized at the beginning of a sentence 3 Forms of Compound Nouns: separate words (senior citizen, dial tone) hyphenated words (major-general, vice-principal) combined words (basketball, housefly) words that describes nouns or pronouns – adjectives make meaning of the nouns/pronouns called modifiers (adjectives modify or change the meaning of the nouns/pronouns they describe) Example: The well-dressed man crossed the crowded street. The limping man crossed the narrow street. The tall, bearded man crossed the deserted street. Adjectives modify nouns by pointing out several things: 1. What kind? Example: fresh bread, loud music, wet hair, mangy cat 2. How many? Example: 3. How many? Example: 4. some apples, less pepper, more milk Which one? Example: 5. one director, many actors, several plays this car, these bikes, that plan, those pens Whose? Example: my parents, her mother, your answer Usually adjectives come before a noun/pronoun However, writers purposely place adjectives after (to make them stand out) Examples: The tired, hungry dinosaur scanned the reeds... The dinosaur, tired and hungry, scanned the reeds... The dinosaur was tired and hungry as it scanned the reeds... Choose adjectives carefully will improve your writing - DON’T over use - use only when necessary Example: Suddenly a huge, gigantic whale appeared beside the boat. (huge and gigantic have the same meaning; only use one, not both) Practice Using Descriptive Adjectives: Example - the vice principal’s new sports car (sleek, expensive, powerful) 1. Creatures from an alien spaceship – 2. A student before an important exam – words that modify or describe a verb Their job is to tell: when, where, how, or how often something happens Examples: The bridge across the Peace river collapsed yesterday. Mrs. Jones searched everywhere for the missing key. Early the next morning the mountains reflected perfectly in the still lake. Most adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding –ly. Adjective Adverb the frequent noise A reckless driver The dog barked frequently. Graham drove recklessly. NOTE: not all words that end in –ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in –ly. Examples: curly hair, friendly puppy, lonely road, early start Some common adverbs that do NOT end in –ly: again almost alone already also always away even ever here just late never not now nowhere often perhaps quite rather seldom so somehow someplace sometimes somewhat somewhere soon then there today too very yet Sometimes an adverb can change position without affecting the meaning of the sentence: Example: Often Marni entered the calf-roping event. Marni often entered the calf-roping event. Marni entered the calf-roping event often. Sometimes, however, the position of an adverb does change the meaning of the sentence: Example: Only Norah spoke to me after the school dance. Norah spoke to me only after the school dance. Norah spoke to only me after the school dance. MOST adjectives and adverbs have different forms to show comparison. Positive form – simply makes a statement (ie, fast) Comparative form – is used when 2 persons, places, or things are compared (ie, faster) Superlative form – when comparing 3 or more items (ie, fastest) Example: If an ostrich, a cheetah, and a jack rabbit decided to have a race, which do you think would win? Tests by scientists show that although the jack rabbit is fast, the ostrich is probably faster. The fastest of all, however, is undoubtedly the cheetah. Adjectives and Adverbs compare in 3 ways: 1. With most one-syllable adjectives and a few adverbs, add -er, or –est to the positive form. Sometimes, the last letter of the word will be repeated. Adjective: wet wetter wettest Adverb: loud louder loudest 2. With most adjectives of two or more syllables and most -ly adverbs, add more and most to the positive form of the word. Adjective: difficult Adverb: convincingly more convincingly most convincingly more difficult most difficult 3. A few adjectives and adverbs are compared in an irregular way. Positive Comparative Superlative many good bad little much far well badly more better worse less more farther better worse most best worst least most farthest best worst An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately The word a becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u a and an are called indefinite articles because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. Example: I have a book or I have one book. I own an iguana. The is a definite article used when the speaker talks about a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know Examples The car over there is fast. The Prime Minster of Canada is giving a speech tonight. When we speak of something or someone for the first time we use a or an (the indefinite article) the next time we repeat that object we use the definite article the Examples I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good. words that substitute for one or more nouns Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands…ante=before) and must agree in number (ie, a singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun). useful so we don’t always have to repeat the same noun Example Randy’s chemistry teacher, Mrs. Pike, asked Randy to redo Randy’s experiment after school so Mrs. Pike could help Randy with Randy’s experiment and show Randy where Randy had made Randy’s mistakes. Randy’s chemistry teacher, Mrs. Pike, asked him to redo his experiment after school so she could help him with it and show him where he had made his mistakes. Personal Pronouns – 3 persons points of view 1. First person - the one(s) speaking 2. Second person – the one(s) spoken to 3. Third person – the one(s) spoken about First person Second person Third person Singular Plural 1, me, my, mine you, your, yours he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its we, us, our, ours you, your, yours they, them, their, theirs Subjective form of the pronoun: when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence used after a form of the verb to be (am, are, will be, has been) Example: It certainly wasn’t we who broke the window. Singular Plural Subjective Objective Subjective Objective I you he me you him we you us you she her they them it it Objective form of the pronoun: when the pronoun is the object of a verb, a preposition, or a prepositional phrase first - find the verb and ask yourself, who or what received the action. prepositional phrase – mentally fill in the words that completes the phrase Examples: (singular, compound, comparison) The police dog discovered him behind the packing crates. Before the game, the coach asked (William and) me to keep score. I’m sure I can jump as high as he (can jump). Objective form of the pronoun: also used to replace the noun at the end of a prepositional phrase Examples: (subject and object) Could Yasmin sing a duet with her? That jacket fits you much better than (it fits) me.