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there / their / they’re
Use there when indicating place (hint: here).
Ex: There is an old haunted house.
Use their when showing possession (hint: our).
Ex: Their dog is so well behaved.
Use they’re as a contraction for they are.
Ex: They’re coming over for dinner.
your / you’re
Use your when showing possession.
Ex: Your shirt is very nice.
Use you’re as a contraction for you are.
Ex: You’re getting a new puppy today!
to / too
Use to to indicate direction, location, or
relationship (this word is a preposition)
Ex: “My brother is married to an American.”
Use too to mean “also” or “as well”
Ex: “I am coming, too!”
Nouns

a noun is the name of a person, place, thing,
quality, or idea.

most name objects you can actually touch or
see.

other nouns represent ideas and feelings
Examples:
people:
Vanessa, sister, lawyers
places:
Bay of Fundy, Harvey, school
things:
cell phone, legs, horse, chair
ideas:
love, friendship, courage, hope
feelings: pride, love, fear, sadness, joy
Proper Noun:

names a specific person, place, or thing

is always capitalized
Examples
Sir Paul McCartney, the Atlantic Ocean, Harvey
High School, Fredericton, Monday, Bob
Common Nouns:
 names any member of a general group of
persons, places, things, or ideas.
 only have a capital letter when they begin a
sentence.
Examples:
student, desk, teacher, airplane, ocean, river,
love, hope, pen
Compound Nouns:
 some common nouns are made up of more
than one word
 only capitalized at the beginning of a sentence
3 Forms of Compound Nouns:
 separate words (senior citizen, dial tone)
 hyphenated words (major-general, vice-principal)
 combined words (basketball, housefly)


words that describes nouns or pronouns – adjectives
make meaning of the nouns/pronouns
called modifiers (adjectives modify or change
the meaning of the nouns/pronouns they describe)
Example:
The well-dressed man crossed the crowded street.
The limping man crossed the narrow street.
The tall, bearded man crossed the deserted street.
Adjectives modify nouns by pointing out several things:
1.
What kind?
Example: fresh bread, loud music, wet hair, mangy cat
2.
How many?
Example:
3.
How many?
Example:
4.
some apples, less pepper, more milk
Which one?
Example:
5.
one director, many actors, several plays
this car, these bikes, that plan, those pens
Whose?
Example:
my parents, her mother, your answer

Usually adjectives come before a noun/pronoun

However, writers purposely place adjectives after
(to make them stand out)
Examples:
The tired, hungry dinosaur scanned the reeds...
The dinosaur, tired and hungry, scanned the reeds...
The dinosaur was tired and hungry as it scanned the reeds...
Choose adjectives carefully will improve your
writing - DON’T over use
- use only when necessary
Example:

Suddenly a huge, gigantic whale appeared beside the boat.
(huge and gigantic have the same meaning; only use one, not both)
Practice Using Descriptive Adjectives:
Example - the vice principal’s new sports car (sleek, expensive, powerful)
1.
Creatures from an alien spaceship –
2.
A student before an important exam –

words that modify or describe a verb

Their job is to tell: when, where, how, or how
often something happens
Examples:
The bridge across the Peace river collapsed yesterday.
Mrs. Jones searched everywhere for the missing key.
Early the next morning the mountains reflected
perfectly in the still lake.
Most adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding –ly.
Adjective
Adverb
the frequent noise
A reckless driver
The dog barked frequently.
Graham drove recklessly.
NOTE:
not all words that end in –ly are adverbs.
Some adjectives also end in –ly.
Examples:
curly hair, friendly puppy, lonely road, early start
Some common adverbs that do NOT end in –ly:
again
almost
alone
already
also
always
away
even
ever
here
just
late
never
not
now
nowhere
often
perhaps
quite
rather
seldom
so
somehow
someplace
sometimes
somewhat
somewhere
soon
then
there
today
too
very
yet
Sometimes an adverb can change position
without affecting the meaning of the sentence:
Example:
Often Marni entered the calf-roping event.
Marni often entered the calf-roping event.
Marni entered the calf-roping event often.
Sometimes, however, the position of an adverb
does change the meaning of the sentence:
Example:
Only Norah spoke to me after the school dance.
Norah spoke to me only after the school dance.
Norah spoke to only me after the school dance.

MOST adjectives and adverbs have different forms to
show comparison.

Positive form – simply makes a statement (ie, fast)

Comparative form – is used when 2 persons, places, or
things are compared (ie, faster)

Superlative form – when comparing 3 or more items (ie,
fastest)
Example:
If an ostrich, a cheetah, and a jack rabbit decided to have a
race, which do you think would win? Tests by scientists show that although
the jack rabbit is fast, the ostrich is probably faster. The fastest of all,
however, is undoubtedly the cheetah.
Adjectives and Adverbs compare in 3 ways:
1.
With most one-syllable adjectives and a few
adverbs, add -er, or –est to the positive form.
Sometimes, the last letter of the word will be
repeated.
Adjective:
wet
wetter
wettest
Adverb:
loud
louder
loudest
2.
With most adjectives of two or more syllables
and most -ly adverbs, add more and most to the
positive form of the word.
Adjective:
difficult
Adverb:
convincingly more convincingly most convincingly
more difficult
most difficult
3.
A few adjectives and adverbs are compared in an
irregular way.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
many
good
bad
little
much
far
well
badly
more
better
worse
less
more
farther
better
worse
most
best
worst
least
most
farthest
best
worst

An article is a kind of adjective which is
always used with and gives some information
about a noun

There are only two articles a and the, but they
are used very often and are important for using
English accurately

The word a becomes an when the next word
begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u

a and an are called indefinite articles because
the noun it goes with is indefinite or general.

a is similar to the number one, but one is
stronger and gives more emphasis.
Example:
I have a book or I have one book.
I own an iguana.

The is a definite article

used when the speaker talks about a specific object
that both the person speaking and the listener know
Examples

The car over there is fast.

The Prime Minster of Canada is giving a speech
tonight.

When we speak of something or someone for the
first time we use a or an (the indefinite article)
 the next time we repeat that object we use the
definite article the
Examples
 I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four
bedrooms.
 I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was
very good.

words that substitute for one or more nouns

Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the
word for which the pronoun stands…ante=before)
and must agree in number (ie, a singular pronoun must
replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a
plural noun).

useful so we don’t always have to repeat the same noun
Example
Randy’s chemistry teacher, Mrs. Pike, asked Randy to redo
Randy’s experiment after school so Mrs. Pike could help
Randy with Randy’s experiment and show Randy where
Randy had made Randy’s mistakes.
Randy’s chemistry teacher, Mrs. Pike, asked him to redo his
experiment after school so she could help him with it and
show him where he had made his mistakes.
Personal Pronouns – 3 persons points of view
1.
First person - the one(s) speaking
2.
Second person – the one(s) spoken to
3.
Third person – the one(s) spoken about
First person
Second person
Third person
Singular
Plural
1, me, my, mine
you, your, yours
he, him, his, she, her,
hers, it, its
we, us, our, ours
you, your, yours
they, them, their,
theirs
Subjective form of the pronoun:
 when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence
 used after a form of the verb to be (am, are, will be, has been)
Example:
It certainly wasn’t we who broke the window.
Singular
Plural
Subjective
Objective
Subjective
Objective
I
you
he
me
you
him
we
you
us
you
she
her
they
them
it
it
Objective form of the pronoun:



when the pronoun is the object of a verb, a preposition, or a
prepositional phrase
first - find the verb and ask yourself, who or what received the
action.
prepositional phrase – mentally fill in the words that
completes the phrase
Examples:
(singular, compound, comparison)
The police dog discovered him behind the packing crates.
Before the game, the coach asked (William and) me to keep score.
I’m sure I can jump as high as he (can jump).
Objective form of the pronoun:
 also used to replace the noun at the end of a
prepositional phrase
Examples:
(subject and object)
Could Yasmin sing a duet with her?
That jacket fits you much better than (it fits) me.