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Understanding Verb Forms
What are the principal parts of verbs?
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Six confusing verbs
Sit/Set
Rise/Raise
Lie/Lay
Review A
Review B
What are the principal parts of verbs?
Verbs “dress” differently for different occasions.
She dressed for school.
She dresses casually.
She has dressed
for graduation.
What are the principal parts of verbs?
Verbs have four principal parts. Each principal part
has a different function.
Base Form
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
More about participles
talk
draw
[is] talk ing
[is] draw ing
talk ed
dr e w
[have] talk ed
[have] draw n
What are the principal parts of verbs?
These principle parts are used to form all of the
different verb tenses.
Base Form
They talk every day.
Present Participle
They are talking now.
Past
They talked yesterday.
Past Participle
They have talked for hours.
Regular verbs
A regular verb generally forms its past and past
participle by adding –d or –ed to the base form.
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
clean
clean ed
[have] clean ed
hope
hope d
[have] hope d
The present participle is formed by adding –ing.
Present Participle
clean ing
Regular verbs
Most regular verbs that end in e drop the e
before adding –ing.
hop ing
hope
Some verbs double the final consonant before
adding –ing or –ed.
hugg
hug ing
hug ed
hugg
Regular verbs
On Your Own
Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present
participle) of the verb in italics, as indicated in parentheses.
1. The dancers are (perform) on stage. (present participle)
2. We (watch) a folk dance an hour ago. (past)
3. We are (learn) dances from different countries. (present
participle)
4. Someone in the audience has (request) an Irish square
dance. (past participle)
5. I had (hope) to take dance lessons. (past participle)
[End of Section]
Irregular verbs
Some verbs do not fit the regular
pattern.
An irregular verb forms its past
and past participle in some way
other than by adding –d or –ed.
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
drink
dr a nk
[have] dr u nk
hurt
hurt
[have] hurt
Irregular verbs
Changing vowels
1. Some irregular verbs form the past and past
participle by changing vowels.
Base Form
begin
Past
beg a n
Past Participle
[have] beg u n
Other Verbs that Change Vowels
find
found
[have] found
hold
held
[have] held
ring
rang
[have] rung
swim
swam
[have] swum
Irregular verbs
Changing consonants
2. Other irregular verbs form the past and past
participle by changing consonants.
Base Form
Past
make
ma d e
Past Participle
[have] ma d e
Other Verbs that Change Consonants
bend
bent
[have] bent
build
built
[have] built
lend
lent
[have] lent
spend
spent
[have] spent
Irregular verbs
Changing vowels and consonants
3. Some irregular verbs form the past and past
participle by changing both vowels and
consonants.
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
ride
r od e
[have] r idden
Other Verbs that Change Vowels and Consonants
buy
bought
[have] bought
see
saw
[have] seen
speak
spoke
[have] spoken
wear
wore
[have] worn
Irregular verbs
No change
4. A few irregular verbs make no change at all in
their past and past participle forms.
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
put
put
[have] put
Other Verbs that Make No Change
cost
cost
[have] cost
cut
cut
[have] cut
hit
hit
[have] hit
read
read
[have] read
Irregular verbs
On Your Own
Give the correct form (past or past participle) of each verb
given in parentheses.
1. Two graceful swans ________ across the lake. (swim)
2. Gabriela ________ me her softball glove. (lend)
3. Nate ________ a fleece jacket on the hike. (wear)
4. I have already ________ the wrapping paper. (cut)
5. Have you ________ your best on the science project?
(do)
[End of Section]
Six confusing verbs
Six verbs in English require special attention.
sit
set
rise
raise
lie
• Are the children sitting or setting ?
• Do the fans rise or
raise ?
• Does the baby lie still or lay still?
lay
Six confusing verbs
To figure out which verb is correct, ask . . .
Does the verb
have a direct
object?
Don usually sits up front.
boxes down.
They set the boxes
down.
No object
Direct object
Sit / Set
The verb sit means “to be seated”
or “to rest.”
They sit on the sand.
The verb set means “to put (something) in
a place.” Set usually has a direct object.
Direct object
He
He will
will set
set the
the books
books down
down soon.
soon.
Sit / Set
Principal Parts of Sit and Set
Base
Form
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
sit
[is] sitting
sat
[have] sat
set
[is] setting
set
[have] set
We
sit
sitting
the on
park
on
the
bench.
bench.
have
sat
the
bench
before.
We are
saton
there
all
day.
sets
set
the
thelantern
on
down.
the
has
sat
itlantern
down
already.
She is
setting
it down
now.table.
Sit / Set
On Your Own
Give the correct form of sit or set for each of the
following sentences.
1. I ______ on a broken chair at the party yesterday.
2. Last night Kim ______ her ring on the dresser.
3. At the game, Kevin was ______ next to Paolo.
4. I have ______ here for hours waiting for you.
5. Before she left, Josie had ______ a loaf of bread on
the counter.
[End of Section]
Rise / Raise
The verb rise means “to go upward.”
Slowly the balloons rise into the sky.
The verb raise means “to lift (something)
up.” Raise usually has a direct object.
Direct object
flag.
They raised the flag.
Rise / Raise
Principal Parts of Rise and Raise
Base
Form
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
rise
[is] rising
rose
[have] risen
raise
[is] raising
raised
[have] raised
The sun is
has
rising
risen.
now.
rose
at
A.M.
rises
in 7:15
the
East.
is
raising
for
us.
Shawn has
raised
theblinds
blinds
often.
raises
the the
blinds
each
morning.
raised
yesterday.
Rise / Raise
On Your Own
Give the correct form of rise or raise for each of the
following sentences.
1. Please ______ the sign higher.
2. I hope the bread is ______.
3. Sparks ______ from the fire and scattered into the
night sky.
4. They ______ the couch while I looked under it.
5. Prices have ______ steadily for almost a year.
[End of Section]
Lie / Lay
The verb lie means “to rest,” “to recline,” or “to be in
a place.”
The pigs lie in the grass.
The verb lay means “to place (something
somewhere).” Lay usually takes a direct
object.
Direct object
The chef lays the food
food on
on the
the plate.
plate.
Lie / Lay
Principal Parts of Lie and Lay
Base
Form
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
lie
lay
lay
[is] lying
lay
lay
laid
[have] lain
[is] laying
[have] laid
These verbs are easy to confuse because the past
form of lie is also lay.
Base form
of lay
Please lay the blanket on the bed.
Past form
of lie
After his walk, the dog lay on the grass.
Lie / Lay
Principal Parts of Lie and Lay
Base
Form
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
lie
[is] lying
lay
[have] lain
lay
[is] laying
laid
[have] laid
The cat has
is
lay
lying
down
lain
there
there
anchair.
hour
still.
a long
ago.time.
lies
on
the
He has
laid
itthe
there
before.
lays
is
laid
laying
the
the cane
cane
cane
there
against
against
earlier.
the wall.
the wall.
Lie / Lay
On Your Own
Give the correct form of lie or lay for each of the following
sentences.
1. Then the clerk ______ the small package on the scale.
2. Those clothes will ______ on the floor until you pick
them up.
3. Who ______ this paintbrush on the bare floor?
4. That wet towel has been ______ here all day long.
5. After his playtime, the puppy ______ down and slept.
[End of Section]
Review A
Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present
participle) of each italicized verb, as indicated in
parentheses.
1. After lunch we (wash) the car and mowed the lawn. (past)
2. Marcos has (look) everywhere for his boots. (past
participle)
3. My aunt is (bring) the salad. (present participle)
4. I (know) the answer, but I ran out of time. (past)
5. Most of the leaves have already (fall) from the trees. (past
participle)
Review B
For each sentence, choose the correct verb form in
parentheses.
1. Geraldo (rose, raised) the branch so I could get by.
2. I had (lain, laid) my hat on the back of the chair.
3. Everyone (sat, set) quietly during the recital.
4. The children were (sitting, setting) in their seats waiting
for the show to start.
5. The foam has (rise, raised) to the top of the drink.
6. The baby is (laying, laying) in his crib.
The End