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Business English at Work © 2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Verb Types and Parts Use action, linking, and helping verbs Objectives correctly. Recognize the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. Recognize the parts of verbs—present, past, past participle, and present participle. Identify regular and irregular verb forms. continued Business English at Work PP 9-1a Verb Types and Parts continued Recognize spelling changes in parts of regular Objectives verb formations. Use verb forms for lie and lay, raise and rise, and set and sit correctly. Business English at Work PP 9-1b Verb Types and Parts Identification of Verbs Verbs express action or state of being. Three types of verbs include: 1. action 2. linking 3. helping (auxiliary) Business English at Work PP 9-2 Verb Types and Parts Action Verb Tells what someone or something (the subject) does May be physical or mental We developed the agenda for the meeting. Jessica suggested three possible solutions. Consider the consequences of your actions. Business English at Work PP 9-3 Verb Types and Parts Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs are action verbs that require an object to complete the thought. The object following the verb answers the question what? or whom? The decision-making software generated a list of options. (generated what? – list) We asked several programmers to solve the problem. (asked whom? – programmers) Business English at Work PP 9-4 Verb Types and Parts Intransitive Verbs Intransitive verbs are action verbs that do not require an object to complete the thought. The phrases following the intransitive verb add detail but do not answer the question what? or whom? The committee met for over three hours. We apologized for our delay in making the decision. The programmers worked through the night. Business English at Work PP 9-5 Verb Types and Parts Linking Verbs Linking verbs connect the subject of the sentence with a complement (predicate noun, predicate pronoun) or with a predicate adjective. Do not show action but express a state of being. am be is are was been being were Mrs. Hernandez is the presiding officer. Their arguments were persuasive. The person responsible for placing orders is he. Business English at Work PP 9-6 Verb Types and Parts Linking Verbs - Other Linking verbs associated with the senses: feel look smell sound taste Additional linking verbs: appear stay Business English at Work become seem grow remain PP 9-7a Verb Types and Parts continued Linking Verbs - Other Examples They remained calm during the crisis. He seemed eager to find a solution. The solution appeared easy to implement. We looked to our supervisor for guidance. Business English at Work PP 9-7b Verb Types and Parts Helping Verbs Helping (auxiliary) verbs with a main verb form a verb phrase. The main verb in a verb phrase is always the last word in the phrase. I may decide to apply for that position. We must make the decision this week. Some helping verbs can function as main verbs and are used alone in such cases. I have friends that I must call this week. Business English at Work PP 9-8a Verb Types and Parts continued Helping Verbs am was be have can do is were being has could does been had are Business English at Work did PP 9-8b Verb Types and Parts continued Helping Verbs may shall will might should being must Business English at Work would PP 9-8c Verb Types and Parts continued Helping Verbs Examples Reaching goals may depend upon prioritizing tasks. He was unprepared for the decision-making requirements of his job. She has several meetings that she must attend by tomorrow. Business English at Work PP 9-8d Verb Types and Parts Parts of Verbs - Definitions Present – Refers to now or the present tense. We require attendance at all meetings. Past – Indicates that the action already took place. We attended the meeting yesterday. Past Participle – Requires a helping verb and indicates that the action was completed. We have attended all the meetings this year. Present Participle – Uses the present form of a verb plus ing, requires a helping verb, and indicates that there is continuing action involved. We are considering several alternatives to the problem. Business English at Work PP 9-9 Verb Types and Parts Regular Verbs Most verbs are regular verbs. Add d or ed to the present tense of a verb to form the past or past participle forms. Add ing to the present tense to form the present participle. Business English at Work PP 9-10a Verb Types and Parts continued Regular Verbs Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle solve solved solved solving consider considered considered considering assess assessed assessed assessing support supported supported supporting fail failed failed failing Business English at Work PP 9-10b Verb Types and Parts Regular Verbs – y endings Change the y to i and add ed to form the past tense or past participle of verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant. Jim clarified the recommendations of the committee. We identified the problems quickly. Business English at Work PP 9-11a Verb Types and Parts continued Regular Verbs – y endings Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle carry carried carried carrying clarify clarified clarified clarifying identify identified identified identifying lobby lobbied lobbied lobbying Business English at Work PP 9-11b Verb Types and Parts Regular Verbs – One Syllable Double the last consonant of a one-syllable verb that ends in one consonant preceded by one vowel before adding ed to form the past and past participle or ing to form the present participle. Business English at Work PP 9-12a Verb Types and Parts continued Regular Verbs – One Syllable Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle ban banned banned banning jot jotted jotted jotting plan planned planned planning stop stopped stopped stopping Business English at Work PP 9-12b Verb Types and Parts Regular Verbs – Accented Syllables Double the final consonant of a two-syllable verb accented on the last syllable that ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel when you add the suffix ed or ing. Business English at Work PP 9-13a Verb Types and Parts continued Regular Verbs – Accented Syllables Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle excel´ excelled excelled excelling occur´ occurred occurred occurring prefer´ preferred preferred preferring Business English at Work PP 9-13b Verb Types and Parts Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs do not form their past parts or past participles by adding d or ed. The spellings and forms of irregular verbs do not follow a consistent pattern. Business English at Work PP 9-14a Verb Types and Parts continued Irregular Verbs Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle be (am, is, are) become was, were became been being become becoming begin began begun beginning blow blew blown blowing break broke broken breaking Business English at Work PP 9-14b Verb Types and Parts Lay and Lie To lay – to put or place an item somewhere (needs an object) To lie – to recline; to be located in a spot (does not need an object) Lay and lie are irregular verbs. Present Past Past Present Tense Tense Participle Participle lay laid laid laying lie lay lain lying Business English at Work PP 9-15a Verb Types and Parts continued Lay and Lie Lay is a transitive verb. We saw him lay the file folder on your desk. He laid his keys next to the copy machine. Lie is an intransitive verb. I lie down for a few minutes before my afternoon appointments. Because she had a headache, Pam lay quietly on the couch. Business English at Work PP 9-15b Verb Types and Parts Raise and Rise To raise – to lift up or bring something up (needs an object) To rise – to get up (does not need an object) Raise and rise are irregular verbs. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle raise raised raised raising rise rose risen rising Business English at Work PP 9-16a Verb Types and Parts continued Raise and Rise Raise is a transitive verb. Paper manufacturers usually raise prices twice a year. Sandra raised her hand to vote on the slate of officers. Rise is an intransitive verb. Rick rises early to plan his daily activities. The stock index rose steadily throughout the day. Business English at Work PP 9-16b Verb Types and Parts Set and Sit To set – to put or place something (needs an object) To sit – to be seated (does not need an object) Set and sit are irregular verbs. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle set set set setting sit sat sat sitting Business English at Work PP 9-17a Verb Types and Parts continued Set and Sit Set is a transitive verb. Set the timelines and let me know your progress. We set our differences aside about the software purchase. Sit is an intransitive verb. Please sit in the first two rows of chairs. Mrs. Samuels sat beside the president at the board meeting. Business English at Work PP 9-17b End of Business English at Work © 2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill