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Highlights of European History
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Table of
Contents
INDEX
Headings and Subheading
Highlights of European History
Three critical questions essential to the study of
history...
What happened?
Why did it happen?
Why does it matter?
Highlights of European History
Key Western Values Today
• Power of reason (inquiry and scientific
method)
• Individual freedom and rights (limits
on government)
• People choose leaders (democracy)
• Rule of law
• Religious freedom (separation of
church and state)
• People at all levels can better their
lives (progress)
To understand our world, how
we think, our most cherished
beliefs, the role of science in
our lives, and the challenges
we face in trying to live in a
peaceful world... we have to
know something about
European history.
Telling historical time
Prehistory – before written records
History – age of written records (about 3700 BC)
Cuneiforms
Modern calendar
BC – before the time of Christ; before the Christian Era
Ex: 450 BC
AD – in the year of Our Lord
Ex: AD 1253
Pope Gregory - 1582
BCE – Before the
Common Era
CE – Common Era
Hebrew Year - 5758
Chinese Year - 4710
Counting by centuries
2nd century BC = 199-100
1st century BC = 99-1
1st century AD = 1-99
5th century AD = 400-499
12th century = 1100-1199
20th century = 1900-1999
In what century was the Declaration of Independence signed?
Golden Age of Greece
500-300 BC
What contributions did the
ancient Greeks make to
Western civilization?
Greek Contributions to Western Civilization
Greek Contributions to Western Civilization
Greek contributions...
• Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
• Principles of democracy
• Art and Sculpture (beauty of the human form)
• Science and mathematics (Euclidean Geometry)
• Architecture (use of columns)
• Drama – role of fate and free will
• Mythology
• First Olympics
“The unexamined life is not worth living” – Socrates
“Government should favor the many, not the few” -- Pericles
Rise of the Roman Empire
700 BC—AD 330
When is a nation an “empire”?
•Rules over a large area beyond its borders
•Takes control of natural resources beyond its
borders
•Spreads its language and culture to other
peoples
•Takes responsibility for keeping peace and
order inside its area of control
•Defends control area from outside threats
Which empire is this?
18th Century British Empire
French colonial empire
Mongolian Empire
Gengis Kahn
What contributions did the
ancient Romans make to
Western civilization?
Roman contributions
Roman Contributions to Western Civilization
•Republican form of government (representative
democracy)
•Engineering and architecture (aqueducts and domes)
•City planning (roads, markets, public buildings)
•Census (collecting data to assist government
planning)
•Latin becomes the language of the educated
Principles of Roman law
All persons...
• have right to equal treatment under law
• considered innocent until proven guilty
• should be punished for actions not thoughts
Unreasonable laws can be set aside
Rise of Roman Empire
As Roman rule is expanded across Europe and Asia, Roman
generals become more powerful
A corrupt Senate tries and fails to contain the power of the
generals
•Julius Caesar assassinated (44 B.C.)
•Octavius crowned Caesar Augustus (31 B.C.) – the first Roman
Emperor
PAX ROMANA – Roman rule brings long period of relative
peace to the peoples scattered across the Empire
Issues Today—
Democracy vs. Autocratic State
Personal liberty vs. security
The Roman army extends Roman rule
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dU
What led to the fall of the Western
Roman Empire and the survival of
the Byzantine Empire.
Rise and fall of Rome
West vs. East
West vs. East
Taken over by Germanic rulers in 476
Conquered by Muslim Turks in 1453
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Latin language of the educated
Greek language of the educated
Pope in Rome has great role in
governing
Emperor in Constantinople has more
power than the Church in governing
Great gap between the nobility and the
peasantry
Greater concern for improving lives of
the peasantry
Hagea Sofia
Largest Church in
Byzantine Empire,
360 CE
Became a
mosque under
Ottoman rule
Now a museum
West vs. East
Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul in
Philadelphia
Greek Orthodox church in Elkins Park
Decline of the Western Empire
Main factors…
1. Pressure from invading Germanic tribes
(overpopulation)
2. Economic problems caused by massive spending
required to maintain the Roman army and support
masses of disaffected or unemployed people
3. Poor leadership and political corruption
4. Challenge to leadership by the Church
5. Widespread disease (plagues)
Must all empires fall?
Income Gap in US
Bottom 20%
Top 20% of households
Total wealth in US - 2007
Rise of Christianity
Roman rule could be harsh. Many subject peoples revolted or harbored
deep resentment towards their Roman rulers.
Jesus of Nazareth born (sometime between 7 and 2 BC)
Despite persecution of the early Christians, followers of
Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire
By the 4th century (AD 300’s) Christianity becomes
rooted as the “official” religion of the Roman Empire
Emperor Constantine I converts to Christianity... Moves
capital to the new city of Constantinople on the Black Sea
What role did Christianity play in
medieval Europe?
Christian Europe
The leadership structure of the
Roman Catholic Church
Pope – the leader of the Church worldwide
Archbishops – govern large districts that include several
parishes (a parish is comprised of a church and all the families
who attend that church)
Bishops – govern a single large parish or several smaller
parishes
Priests – lead prayers and provide other services at the local
level (1 or 2 churches)
*Cardinals – Bishops elected to work in Vatican City to assist the
Pope and in the event of the death of a pope, the cardinals meet
to elect a new pope
Monastic Life
MONASTERY – a religious community of monks and nuns often –
but not always – separated from the rest of society
MONKS and NUNS – men and women who have decided to live a
life dedicated to prayer and spiritual life
The age of Charlemagne
•Western Europe becomes more unified
•Rule is shared by political (state) and church leaders
•Helped raise the standard of living
•Promoted the importance of education
Who was Charlemagne?
Church or State Rule?
•Christianity took root in Roman Palestine and spread throughout
the Roman Empire. WHY?
•Germanic kings accepted and converted to Christianity and allied
(teamed up) with the local bishops to better govern their subjects,
especially the former Roman citizens
•For his support of the Church, Charlemagne was crowned Holy
Roman Emperor (800 CE) by the Pope.
•After Charlemagne, central authority in Western Europe collapsed
and powerful nobles (large landholders) competed with Church
leaders for power
FEUDALISM
An economic and political system
in which wealth was based on the
holding of land in return for a
pledge of loyalty and service to the
landholder (the lord).
What was feudalism?
Feudalism
The medieval
social order
Peasants and Serfs
Feudal social order
Islam and Europe
Muslim “caliphs” (rulers) tried to spread Islamic rule into Europe
for most of the Middle Ages
The Ottoman Empire (Turks) reaches into Europe
The Holy Land
Crusader castle in Holy Land
Richard the Lionhearted
Saladin
What were the Crusades and how did
they affect life in medieval Europe?
Crusades
The first crusade
Religious war and our own war on terrorism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaP33e6cMjw
What led to the growth of cities?
Growth of towns and cities
Growth of towns and cities
•As the threat of outside attacks decreased, trade routes
opened up
•More trade created more demand for goods such as
cloth
•More opportunities for craftsmen and merchants to
make and sell goods
•Wealth no longer tied so closely to land and farming
(feudalism is weakened)
Merchant and craft guilds
Merchants and craftsmen organized societies to...
Promote their craft or expand trade opportunities
Train people (apprentice, journeyman, master)
Limit competition by limiting number of people who could engage in a
certain trade or profession
Offer help to unemployed, injured, and sick members
Set the stage for...
Growth of a Middle Class reflected in
the art of the times
The Arnolfi Wedding painted by Jan van Eyck
Rembrandt’s “The Night Watch”
Dutch paintings – the celebration of everyday life
Wealth and its rewards
Wealth and its rewards
Magna Carta
CHARTER- a written statement that gives certain rights and
privileges to the recipient and can also recognize the rights of an
individual or group
William Penn with his
charter from the king of
England giving him the land
which is now Pennsylvania
What is the Magna Carta? Why is it
so important?
Magna Carta
The signing of the Magna Carta -- 1215
•Limited the power of the king – the king must follow the law!
•Granted certain rights to individuals including the right to not
be arrested without showing proof that a crime was committed
•The Magna Carta provided a basis for constitutional
democracy – the idea that officials, whether elected or
appointed, must follow the laws established by the people
The Renaissance
•Renaissance means “rebirth”
•The Renaissance refers to the period in the late
14th through 17th centuries when there was an
enormous interest in studying the ideas and works
of the classical world (ancient Greece and Rome)
•Many advances made in art, literature, science,
and philosophy (the meaning of life)
•Marks the end of the “Middle Ages” and the growth
of stronger central governments in Western Europe
What was the Renaissance and
who were some leading
Renaissance figures
Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
Lorenzo da Medici
Role of the “patron of the arts”
Michelangelo
SISTINE CHAPEL in Florence, Italy
Revival of the Greek and Roman myths
Apollo and Daphne
Narcissus
Literacy
For much of the Middle Ages most people were illiterate
Books promote
literacy and learning
Gutenberg Bible printed using moveable type -- 1450
Who was Johannes Gutenberg and
what contribution did he make to
European society?
Gutenberg
Modern languages
The vernacular is the native language of a specific
population
By the late Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries)
vernacular languages replaced Latin as the
language of literature, science, and government.
Why we don’t eat cow?
Modern English
Bayeux Tapestry
Norman Conquest of England - 1066
William of Normandy (French) defeats Harold or England and
the Normans rule England
The intermix of languages
COW
BEEF
CALF
VEAL
SHEEP
MUTTON
le mouton
DEER
VENISON
le venaison
PIG
PORK
le venaison
le boeuf
viande de veau
Over half of English words have French origins
Who are Chaucer, Cervantes, and
Shakespeare
The “outsider” in Christian Europe
Jewish quarter in Prague, Czech Republic
Non-Christians were viewed with suspicion and often
blamed for problems for which there was no easy
explanation – plagues, for example
Throughout the Middle Ages many Jewish
communities were attacked and destroyed. This was
particularly true during the period of the Crusades.
Jews were expelled from many
countries
Anti-Semitism has been a powerful
force in Europe from Roman times
all the way to the present day
1348 massacre of Jews in the town of Strasbourg, France during
first Crusade
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
1480 – 1800’s
Laws were proclaimed by the Spanish rulers ordering nonChristians to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from
the country
A special “court” was established to make sure Jews and
Muslims who converted to Christianity were true to their
new religion
Severe punishment were given to those who could be
proven disloyal to the faith
What was the Protestant
Reformation?
Protestant Reformation
Who were some famous 15th and
16th century European explorers?
Age of Exploration
When and Why did the American
Revolution take place?
American Revolution
APPENDIX
Christian Europe
Cathedral at
Chartres
outside of
Paris
The Vatican and Church authority
Pope Benedict, 2012
Catholic cardinal
Catholic bishops