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Highlights of European History Research Tips… Activate your background knowledge (What do you already know about the topic?) What is feudalism? Middle Ages Do a smart search in books… Table of Contents INDEX Headings and Subheading Highlights of European History Three critical questions essential to the study of history... What happened? Why did it happen? Why does it matter? Highlights of European History Key Western Values Today • Power of reason (inquiry and scientific method) • Individual freedom and rights (limits on government) • People choose leaders (democracy) • Rule of law • Religious freedom (separation of church and state) • People at all levels can better their lives (progress) To understand our world, how we think, our most cherished beliefs, the role of science in our lives, and the challenges we face in trying to live in a peaceful world... we have to know something about European history. Telling historical time Prehistory – before written records History – age of written records (about 3700 BC) Cuneiforms Modern calendar BC – before the time of Christ; before the Christian Era Ex: 450 BC AD – in the year of Our Lord Ex: AD 1253 Pope Gregory - 1582 BCE – Before the Common Era CE – Common Era Hebrew Year - 5758 Chinese Year - 4710 Counting by centuries 2nd century BC = 199-100 1st century BC = 99-1 1st century AD = 1-99 5th century AD = 400-499 12th century = 1100-1199 20th century = 1900-1999 In what century was the Declaration of Independence signed? Golden Age of Greece 500-300 BC What contributions did the ancient Greeks make to Western civilization? Greek Contributions to Western Civilization Greek Contributions to Western Civilization Greek contributions... • Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) • Principles of democracy • Art and Sculpture (beauty of the human form) • Science and mathematics (Euclidean Geometry) • Architecture (use of columns) • Drama – role of fate and free will • Mythology • First Olympics “The unexamined life is not worth living” – Socrates “Government should favor the many, not the few” -- Pericles Rise of the Roman Empire 700 BC—AD 330 When is a nation an “empire”? •Rules over a large area beyond its borders •Takes control of natural resources beyond its borders •Spreads its language and culture to other peoples •Takes responsibility for keeping peace and order inside its area of control •Defends control area from outside threats Which empire is this? 18th Century British Empire French colonial empire Mongolian Empire Gengis Kahn What contributions did the ancient Romans make to Western civilization? Roman contributions Roman Contributions to Western Civilization •Republican form of government (representative democracy) •Engineering and architecture (aqueducts and domes) •City planning (roads, markets, public buildings) •Census (collecting data to assist government planning) •Latin becomes the language of the educated Principles of Roman law All persons... • have right to equal treatment under law • considered innocent until proven guilty • should be punished for actions not thoughts Unreasonable laws can be set aside Rise of Roman Empire As Roman rule is expanded across Europe and Asia, Roman generals become more powerful A corrupt Senate tries and fails to contain the power of the generals •Julius Caesar assassinated (44 B.C.) •Octavius crowned Caesar Augustus (31 B.C.) – the first Roman Emperor PAX ROMANA – Roman rule brings long period of relative peace to the peoples scattered across the Empire Issues Today— Democracy vs. Autocratic State Personal liberty vs. security The Roman army extends Roman rule http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dU What led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the survival of the Byzantine Empire. Rise and fall of Rome West vs. East West vs. East Taken over by Germanic rulers in 476 Conquered by Muslim Turks in 1453 Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Latin language of the educated Greek language of the educated Pope in Rome has great role in governing Emperor in Constantinople has more power than the Church in governing Great gap between the nobility and the peasantry Greater concern for improving lives of the peasantry Hagea Sofia Largest Church in Byzantine Empire, 360 CE Became a mosque under Ottoman rule Now a museum West vs. East Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul in Philadelphia Greek Orthodox church in Elkins Park Decline of the Western Empire Main factors… 1. Pressure from invading Germanic tribes (overpopulation) 2. Economic problems caused by massive spending required to maintain the Roman army and support masses of disaffected or unemployed people 3. Poor leadership and political corruption 4. Challenge to leadership by the Church 5. Widespread disease (plagues) Must all empires fall? Income Gap in US Bottom 20% Top 20% of households Total wealth in US - 2007 Rise of Christianity Roman rule could be harsh. Many subject peoples revolted or harbored deep resentment towards their Roman rulers. Jesus of Nazareth born (sometime between 7 and 2 BC) Despite persecution of the early Christians, followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire By the 4th century (AD 300’s) Christianity becomes rooted as the “official” religion of the Roman Empire Emperor Constantine I converts to Christianity... Moves capital to the new city of Constantinople on the Black Sea What role did Christianity play in medieval Europe? Christian Europe The leadership structure of the Roman Catholic Church Pope – the leader of the Church worldwide Archbishops – govern large districts that include several parishes (a parish is comprised of a church and all the families who attend that church) Bishops – govern a single large parish or several smaller parishes Priests – lead prayers and provide other services at the local level (1 or 2 churches) *Cardinals – Bishops elected to work in Vatican City to assist the Pope and in the event of the death of a pope, the cardinals meet to elect a new pope Monastic Life MONASTERY – a religious community of monks and nuns often – but not always – separated from the rest of society MONKS and NUNS – men and women who have decided to live a life dedicated to prayer and spiritual life The age of Charlemagne •Western Europe becomes more unified •Rule is shared by political (state) and church leaders •Helped raise the standard of living •Promoted the importance of education Who was Charlemagne? Church or State Rule? •Christianity took root in Roman Palestine and spread throughout the Roman Empire. WHY? •Germanic kings accepted and converted to Christianity and allied (teamed up) with the local bishops to better govern their subjects, especially the former Roman citizens •For his support of the Church, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (800 CE) by the Pope. •After Charlemagne, central authority in Western Europe collapsed and powerful nobles (large landholders) competed with Church leaders for power FEUDALISM An economic and political system in which wealth was based on the holding of land in return for a pledge of loyalty and service to the landholder (the lord). What was feudalism? Feudalism The medieval social order Peasants and Serfs Feudal social order Islam and Europe Muslim “caliphs” (rulers) tried to spread Islamic rule into Europe for most of the Middle Ages The Ottoman Empire (Turks) reaches into Europe The Holy Land Crusader castle in Holy Land Richard the Lionhearted Saladin What were the Crusades and how did they affect life in medieval Europe? Crusades The first crusade Religious war and our own war on terrorism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaP33e6cMjw What led to the growth of cities? Growth of towns and cities Growth of towns and cities •As the threat of outside attacks decreased, trade routes opened up •More trade created more demand for goods such as cloth •More opportunities for craftsmen and merchants to make and sell goods •Wealth no longer tied so closely to land and farming (feudalism is weakened) Merchant and craft guilds Merchants and craftsmen organized societies to... Promote their craft or expand trade opportunities Train people (apprentice, journeyman, master) Limit competition by limiting number of people who could engage in a certain trade or profession Offer help to unemployed, injured, and sick members Set the stage for... Growth of a Middle Class reflected in the art of the times The Arnolfi Wedding painted by Jan van Eyck Rembrandt’s “The Night Watch” Dutch paintings – the celebration of everyday life Wealth and its rewards Wealth and its rewards Magna Carta CHARTER- a written statement that gives certain rights and privileges to the recipient and can also recognize the rights of an individual or group William Penn with his charter from the king of England giving him the land which is now Pennsylvania What is the Magna Carta? Why is it so important? Magna Carta The signing of the Magna Carta -- 1215 •Limited the power of the king – the king must follow the law! •Granted certain rights to individuals including the right to not be arrested without showing proof that a crime was committed •The Magna Carta provided a basis for constitutional democracy – the idea that officials, whether elected or appointed, must follow the laws established by the people The Renaissance •Renaissance means “rebirth” •The Renaissance refers to the period in the late 14th through 17th centuries when there was an enormous interest in studying the ideas and works of the classical world (ancient Greece and Rome) •Many advances made in art, literature, science, and philosophy (the meaning of life) •Marks the end of the “Middle Ages” and the growth of stronger central governments in Western Europe What was the Renaissance and who were some leading Renaissance figures Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa Lorenzo da Medici Role of the “patron of the arts” Michelangelo SISTINE CHAPEL in Florence, Italy Revival of the Greek and Roman myths Apollo and Daphne Narcissus Literacy For much of the Middle Ages most people were illiterate Books promote literacy and learning Gutenberg Bible printed using moveable type -- 1450 Who was Johannes Gutenberg and what contribution did he make to European society? Gutenberg Modern languages The vernacular is the native language of a specific population By the late Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries) vernacular languages replaced Latin as the language of literature, science, and government. Why we don’t eat cow? Modern English Bayeux Tapestry Norman Conquest of England - 1066 William of Normandy (French) defeats Harold or England and the Normans rule England The intermix of languages COW BEEF CALF VEAL SHEEP MUTTON le mouton DEER VENISON le venaison PIG PORK le venaison le boeuf viande de veau Over half of English words have French origins Who are Chaucer, Cervantes, and Shakespeare The “outsider” in Christian Europe Jewish quarter in Prague, Czech Republic Non-Christians were viewed with suspicion and often blamed for problems for which there was no easy explanation – plagues, for example Throughout the Middle Ages many Jewish communities were attacked and destroyed. This was particularly true during the period of the Crusades. Jews were expelled from many countries Anti-Semitism has been a powerful force in Europe from Roman times all the way to the present day 1348 massacre of Jews in the town of Strasbourg, France during first Crusade What was the Spanish Inquisition? Spanish Inquisition Spanish Inquisition 1480 – 1800’s Laws were proclaimed by the Spanish rulers ordering nonChristians to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from the country A special “court” was established to make sure Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity were true to their new religion Severe punishment were given to those who could be proven disloyal to the faith What was the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation Who were some famous 15th and 16th century European explorers? Age of Exploration When and Why did the American Revolution take place? American Revolution APPENDIX Christian Europe Cathedral at Chartres outside of Paris The Vatican and Church authority Pope Benedict, 2012 Catholic cardinal Catholic bishops