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Chapter 14
Europe in the Middle Ages
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Knight, Middle Ages, medieval, feudalism,
manor, serf
Terms to know:
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Read page 394
Create a hierarchy (consisting of 3 levels)
based on the 3rd paragraph
___________
___________
___________
I. Feudalism and the Manor
System
1. The Middle Ages is the time period
between ancient times (c. 500) and
modern times (c. 1500).
 2. This time period is aka as the Medieval
Period. (Latin for Middle Ages)
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A. Middle Ages
Middle Ages- Times of Castles…
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The Middle Ages
began with the
collapse of the
Roman Empire in
Western Europe.
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The Roman Empire
collapsed from
invasions from the
North. (The Vikings
and the Franks.)
Collapse of Roman Empire
Map of Invasions
In 768 a skilled military leader named
Charlemagne became King of the Franks.
 He expanded the kingdom by taking over
weaker kingdoms and ruled for 50 years.
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He established schools and
promoted learning
He spread Christianity
He issued money and
improved the economy.
King of the Franks
Castle
in
Heidelberg
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After Charlemagne's death- his kingdom
was divided into 3 parts. One for each of
his sons and soon after the kingdoms
were taken over by other stronger
kingdoms.
Kingdom Falls
What was feudalism?
 By c. 1000 feudalism was firmly in place
as a social hierarchy system.
 The power belonged to the people who
controlled most of the land. The nobles
gave fiefs (feefs)to their vassals. A vassal
is a holder of land by feudal tenure.
 Summarize the feudal duties. Pg. 397
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Feudal System
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What is manorialism?
What are the roles of the lord of the
manor?
What are the roles of noblewomen?
Summarize the plight of the poor…
pg. 398-399
The Manor System
The Church and the Rise of Cities
 Terms to know: clergy, excommunication,
guild, apprentice, chivalry, troubadour
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Lesson 2
Gothic Style
Church
Rural
Village
Church
The Church and the Rise of Cities
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During the Middle
Ages in Europe almost
all of the people were
Roman Catholic- the
Roman Catholic
Church had so much
influence during this
time it was often
referred to as the
Church.
Medieval
Churches
Huge Medieval
churches dominated
the landscape in
Europe both in the
cities and in the
villages.
A Cathedral served
as a meeting place,
house of worship and
even a school.
Gothic Cathedrals
were built in Western
Europe between
1100 and 1400.
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Life was difficult and
hard during the
Middle Ages.
Christians were
comforted that they
would enjoy the
rewards of heaven if
they lived right lives
but they also knew if
they did not live right
lives they would be
punished after death.
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The church also
gained economic
power by collecting
taxes.
The church also took
fiefs from lords in
exchange for services
performed by the
clergy.
The church became
the largest land
owner in Europe
during this time.
HUMMMM…
Churches Religious and Economic
Power
Since the Church had
influence over
religious and
economic mattersthe Church was able
to take on many roles
of ___________.
The church also made
laws and
_________________
____ to enforce
them.
The church also
threatened
excommunication to
anyone who did not
obey the church’s
rules.
Political
Power of
the Church
Church officials
were advisors
to the Kings
and lords…
The Church also
used its influence to
limit feudal warfare
in the 1100’s.
What is monasticism?
 Religious communities helped improve the
economy of the Middle Ages by
developing better ways to grow crops and
tend to livestock.
 Monks transcribed religious texts from
ancient times.
 Convents gave women the chance to
become educated.
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Middle Ages Clergy
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During the Middle
Ages, trade began
to recover, people
felt safe to travel to
other areas.
European
merchants traveled
and brought goods
back to sell first at During this time, manors
small markets then became overcrowded and
could not provide basic needs
at trade fairs.
Trade Revives
for the peasants.
Many lords allowed peasants
to buy their freedom and
move
to the new
towns.
and
Towns
Grow
Around 1300 towns
were growing into
cities. Paris had a
population of
300,000.
 The largest city in the
world for that time.
 How many people live
in Southaven?...
 Population in July
2009: 45,395
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Towns and cities were
not self-sufficient and
depended on an
exchange of money
for goods and
services.
The new Middle Class
developed during this
time too… nobles,
MIDDLE CLASS,
peasants.
Life in towns and cities
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The role of a guild
was to allow
merchants, traders,
and craftworkers to
determine quality
and quantity of
goods to be sold.
Define guild-
Role of Guilds
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Guilds set prices
prevented
outsiders from
selling goods in
town
Determined quality
of goods
Guild members paid
dues
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Other important things
you should know…
http://www.insectainspecta.com/fleas/bdea
th/Black.html link to
the Black Death the
three types of plagues.
The Bubonic plague
wiped out one-third of
Europe’s population
between 1347-1351.
How to
become a
member of a
guild.
What are the
steps to
become a
guild
member?
Growing cities attracted traveling scholars
to the cathedral schools.
 Life was chronicled by troubadours and
chivalry was the code of the day…
 What is chivalry and what are
troubadours?
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Medieval Culture
The Crusades
 What does crusade mean?
 Terms to know:
 Holy Land, Crusades, Jerusalem, pilgrim,
Turks, nation, Magna Carta, Model
Parliament, Hundred Years’ War, Joan of
Arc, Henry VIII
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Lesson 3
On page 409- Pope Urban II called the
people of Europe to war.
 Why would a pope call the people to war?
Isn’t that the job of a king?
 Read on and explain why the pope called
the people to war.
 Define Holy Land and note its location.
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The Crusades
What were the Crusades?
 The word comes from crux, the Latin term
for “cross.” People who carried the
Christian cross into battle against the
non-Christian enemy were called
crusaders.
 What was the cause of the Crusades?
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The Crusades
What city in the Holy Land attracted
religious pilgrims?
 Why did the Christians travel to the Holy
Land?
 Why would this place be considered holy?
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Jerusalem, to worship and walk the same
places as Jesus and people from the Bible.
The Crusades
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For centuries, Europeans made the trip to
visit the Holy Land; however in the 1000’s
things began to change. The Arab
Muslims who have always controlled this
area had been taken over by a group of
people called the Seljuk Turks. This
group would sometimes attack Christian
pilgrims from Europe and closed the
routes to Jerusalem.
The Cause for the Crusades
The Cause:
 Seljuk Turks took the
Holy Lands from the
Arab Muslims
because Muhammad
was to have spent
time there.
 The Turks attacked
Christians on their
way to the Holy Land
and closed routes to
Jerusalem.
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The Crusades
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The Turks also
attacked the
Byzantine Empire.
Effect: The emperor
of the Byzantine
Empire asked Pope
Urban II to send
knights to fight the
Turks, but Pope
Urban II also had
other reasons to go
to war.
Byzantine Empire
• Use knights to save the Empire from the Turks
• Prevent the Turks from conquering more land
Holy Land
• Wanted the Holy Land to under Christian control
• Wanted Christians to be able to make the pilgrimage
To unite the Europeans against common foe
• Hoped to gain power and influence for himself.
• Others wanted the trade routes in that area.
Why Go To War
There were 8 crusades in total. 4 major
and 4 minor. However, a crusade was
attempted by a monk and a group of
common people.
 Peter the Hermit and a group of people
went to fight and ignored the Emperor’s
words and attacked the Muslims.
Unfortunately, many of Peter’s army didn’t
survive.
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A Series of Crusades
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The first crusade was a success for the
Europeans. They were able to regain control
of Jerusalem and set up four kingdoms in the
Holy Land. However, the Turkish Muslims
relentlessly attacked the kingdoms and
regained control of the Holy Lands.
Read the passage on page 412 and describe
the type of person the Arab Muslim leader
Saladin was. Write out an answer for
discussion.
Crusades
Your assignment is to list the effects of
the Crusades in trade and new ideas on
page 413.
 You have 5-7 minutes to make your lists
with your group.
 Assignment: Answer questions at end of
chapter and do the Writing Activity as
well.
 Read the caption on pg. 413 and answer
the Synthesize question.
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Results of the Crusades
Terms: nation, Magna Carta, Model
Parliament, Hundred Years’ War
 Read the passage on page 416. List the
events that led to Henry becoming
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
 You have 10 minutes to complete the
assignment.
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Lesson 4
The Power of the Kings
Henry’s success in overthrowing the pope
was a hint of things to come. Major
changes were in the in the future for
Europe.
 The Power of the Nobles- During this
period the feudal system was still in
effect. Lords and Vassals had just as
much power as the kings as long as the
feudal system was working-if not- their
power would decline.
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Nation Building
Growth of trade and towns
Kings began to support new towns in
exchange for money.
 They agreed to protect the towns and
made laws to help towns grow rich.
 The kings then hired armies to attack
other nobles.
 Some nobles were weakened lost land to
raise money for the Crusades, killed and
lands went to the kings.
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The Decline of Feudalism
As a result, kings became more powerful
and lands or fiefs were combined to unite
a country. As these kingdoms grew they
became known as nations- a nation is a
community of people that shares
territory and a government.
 The process of combining smaller
communities with a united identity and a
national government is called nation
building.
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The Birth of a Nation
William the Conqueror took
control of England had more
power than the nobles
Henry I and Henry II
increased the amount of
power the kings had
Kings
Nobles began to resent the
kings’ power
King John was an harsh king
who raised
Taxes and jailed his enemies
Changes in England
As a result of King John’s clash with the
clergy, the pope excommunicated him and
voided his title.
 The bishops created the Magna Carta or
the “Great charter”- it limited the king’s
power over the nobles.
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King John/Magna Carta
Limited power
of a king
Couldn’t jail a
freeman
without just
cause
Great Council
consisted of
lords and
clergy
Magna Carta
Could not raise
taxes without
consulting
council
Nobles had a
say in
government
The council became the Model
Parliament. This included common
people as well as lords and clergy.
 This eventually evolved into Parliament
which is the legislature. Which in turn
unified England. It also gave the king
more power and nobles were more apt to
support the king.
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Model Parliament
How did the Magna Carta effect the
people of England?
 Who and/or what benefitted from the
Magna Carta?
 Do you think King John had a choice to
sign the Magna Carta or not? Explain
 What do you think would have happened
to him if he didn’t sign?
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Questions
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We will read and create a classification
map to describe the Hundred Years’ War
on page 419.
Hundred Years’ War
Joan’s
calling
•As the Hundred Years’ War lingered England was winning. But a French
peasant girl took charge
Appeal
•Joan stated that she had a vision from God to lead the people in the
battle of Orleans. King agreed and she went
•Into battle. The French won and many more battles.
End
•Joan was captured, tried and burned at the state for witchcraft. She
was 17.
•France saw Joan as a martyr and drove the English out of most of
France, which later became a nation as well as England.
Joan of Arc
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Battlefield: new
weapons, (longbow and
cannons), increase in
footsoldiers, large
armies replaced small
bands of knights, and
castles could not stand
up to the cannons.
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Parliaments now
controlled the money
in war. Increased
power with the king.
Set up modern
boundaries with
England and France.
Feudalism ended.
Both countries looked
to other conquests
and Europe became a
place of nations.
Power of the Kings-The war affected the
balance of power in England and France.
Look at the caption on page 420. Answer
question in caption.
 Henry VIII was a cocky king. He created
the Church of England due to a split from
the Catholic Church.
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Questions