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Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 Roman Empire Collapses • • • • Officially in 476 No Roman Government No protection from invading Barbarians Results: – Collapse of trade and towns – Loss of literacy Byzantine Empire • Geographically – Not much different than that of the old Roman Empire at is greatest extent – Only thing different is the capital moves from Rome to Constantinople – Peninsula – surrounded almost totally by water – Controlled shipping between Black and Mediterranean Seas – Natural Harbors, Natural Crossroad for trade – Wealthiest part of Roman Empire Justinian • Eastern Roman Emperor (527) • Most important contribution: – Codification of Roman Law (Code of Justinian) – The Body of Civil Law – Law code is used in West and becomes basis for the European legal system Justinian & Theodora campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/Theodora.gif • Wife of Justinian • Served as major adviser to husband • Other Plans: – Mobile Military – New Military strategies and tactics – Mix Greek culture and Roman Law Church Problems • Five churches: Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome • Ideas that caused Problems: – Authority: Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims authority over every church – Language of services: West (Latin), East (Vernacular – language of the region) – Use of Icons (symbols representing religious figures): West – Uses Icon, East: no Icons Break in the Christian Church 1054 Roman Catholic Church biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au/roman_church_and_symbols.jpg Eastern Orthodox Church www.religiousmall.com/rq_/pr_images/classic/02451. jpg.html&id=religionfacts&domainid=2033 Differences • • • • Roman Catholic Pope Services in Latin Uses icons Crosses themselves from left to right • • • • Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Services in the vernacular Little use of icon Cross themselves from right to left Frankish Leaders pascale.olivaux.free.fr/Histoire/Photos/Clovis.jpg • Clovis – First of Frankish leaders to convert to Christianity • Pepin II – Rules from 687-714 – Continues to unite Frankish kingdom Frankish Leaders www.omdurman.org/martel.jpg • Charles Martel – Defeated Tariq and the Moors (Spanish Muslims) at the Battle of Tours in 732 – Stops Islam invasion into Europe – Who was the Greatest of all Frankish Rulers? Charlemagne: 768 to 814 • Rules from 768-814 • Greatest of all Frankish rulers • Builds tremendous empire • Spends most of life at war • Declared “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope, December 25, 800 Charlemagne • Man: Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married 4 times • Administrator: Delegated authority to nobles, Kept local laws in areas conquered, districts, Missi Dominici (Messengers of lord king) • Conqueror: aggressive Warrior, Strengthens Frankish Military • Patron of Learning: Revived classical studies, Preserved Latin Culture, Monastic and Palace schools Importance of Charlemagne • United most of Western Europe for first time since fall of Roman Empire • Set up an efficient government • Emphasized education Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843 What become of Charlemagne’s Empire? Charles the Bald > France Louis the German > Germany Lothair > Rhineland (AlsaceLorraine) – Germany and France will go to war over area many times New Barbaric Invaders • Vikings – - from Northern Europe and • Scandinavia - also called Norsemen - Most fishermen/farmers - Very skilled in navigation - Led numerous raids into England, France, Kiev, and Constantinople - Used swords, spears, axes, and shields in battle - Sold captives into slavery • Magyars - invaded from the east - fierce warriors, fought on horseback - nomadic, at first - raids eventually crushed Muslims - Invaded from Northern Africa - Tried to take Spain - Changed tactics from large invasions to small raids - Raided Rome and stopped trade with Byzantine Empire - Forced Popes to turn to Franks (France) for help Invasions Cease around 1000 Reasons 1. Europeans find new and quicker ways to respond to guerilla attacks 2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept Christianity 3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland) Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Medieval life is built around war and military service Feudal Contract • Based on relationship between the lord and the vassal • Public ceremony Lords & Vassals Lords – Mostly Nobles – Ruled and protected people – Controlled land – Had own coinage – Collected taxes – Subordinates had to provide military system – Built and lived in fortresses (castles) – Played war games as well as fought battles Vassals • Served higher lord in exchange for land and protection • Raised own army • Made payments (taxes) to lords – Daughter’s marriage – Ransoms – Sons knighted Castles • Lived in by nobles • Stone walls w/ lookouts • Moats • Drawbridges and iron gates • Self sufficient Role of Women humanities.ucsd.edu/courses/images/Image2Hum3.jpg • Kept house • Had and raised babies • Made cloth • Defense of the home The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE Knights papayne.rootsweb.com/knight-2.jpeg • Followed CODE OF CHIVILRY – Honor the following: • Heavenly lord • Earthly lord • Chosen lady • Progression of Knighthood – Age 7- trained as page – Age 15 – trained as squire – Dubbed as knight when ready to be a worthy fighter Chivalry • Code of Honor, Ethics, and Behavior for Knights – Defend Church and defenseless – Treat captives as honored guests – Fight only for Glory (not reward) • Why has the proper treatment of women been seen as chivalrous? Battle of Hastings • 1066 – Norman Conquest • William of Normandy defeats King Harold of England • William Crowned king: Merges French and English culture, takes first census, Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and farm animals) Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a court system. Exchequer dept. of royal finances. Henry II: established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I Runnymeade “Great Charter” monarchs were not above the law. kings had to consult a council of advisors. kings could not tax arbitrarily. The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: middle class merchants, townspeople were added at the end of the 13c. eventually called Parliament. by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses. Medieval Universities Rise of Universities • First university located in Balogna, Italy • Women were unable to attend first universities • Other universities: Paris, Oxford • Approximately 80 universities by 1500 What do universities teach? • Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy • Used Lecture (“to read”) method of teaching…Why? • No exams after a series of lectures • Application for degree = oral exam by committee of teachers (4 or 6 years of study) • 1st Degree = Bachelors, 2nd Degree = Masters • Could then study: law, medicine, or theology (study of religion and God) = may take 10 years or more to earn a doctorate Life as a Monk • Withdraw from society and temptations • Serve God through fasting, prayer, and self- denial • Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain closer relationship with God Influential Monks • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rules of monastic behavior – Vows of Poverty and Obedience – Time and labor went to monastery • St. Patrick – Brought Christianity to Ireland • St. Augustine – Brought Christianity to England A Medieval Monk’s Day Political Definitions of the Church • Canon Law – law of the Catholic Church • Excommunication – expel from the church • Interdict – Stop administrating of sacraments in a whole region • Heretics / Heresy – people who have false teaching of the church Holy Roman Empire • Will last hundreds of years • Very little accomplished because: – Weakened by internal division – Rise of other European powers – Ambitions of local nobles • Power of Holy Roman Emperor declines to mere figurehead • Creates a close and lasting tie between Germany and Italy Problems of the Church • Lay investiture – church offices being given to non-clergy • Simony – buying of church offices by nobles • Role of church in everyday affairs of the people • Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics Henry IV www.kidprintables.com/coloring/fantasy/crown.gif • Gains throne in 1056 at age of 6 • Youth seen as weakness – German nobles as well as Pope sees opportunity to regain control • Conflict breaks out over………… New Religious Orders • Cistercians: formed in 1098, by unhappy Benedictine monks: strict, simple diet, single robe, took religion outside monastery • Franciscans: founded by Saint Francis of Assisi: vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life, lived in the world • Dominicans: founded by Dominic de Guzman; defend Church from heresy, need for spiritual revival, vows of poverty Lay Investiture • Practice of giving of church offices by kings and nobles • Conflict breaks out over issue – Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their allegiance to Henry IV – Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry – Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy • Goes to Pope’s winter home in Canossa • Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold – forgives him Concordat of Worms • Takes place in 1122 • Issue of Lay Investiture answered – Limits power of Emperor – could appoint Bishop for fiefs – Pope had to appoint Bishops with spiritual power How do we deal with heretics? • The Inquisition – Holy Office – Find and try heretics – Often used Dominicans as examiners – If found guilty: • Forced to perform public penance acts • Subject to punishments (flogging) • No confession = execution The Power of the Medieval Church Control 1/3 of the land. Limit feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. curb heresies (speaking out against church) crusades; Inquisition tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants]. Christian Crusades • Purpose: Liberate Holy Land from the infidels (non-believers), the Muslims • 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to start Crusades • First Crusades: French warriors push east; take Holy City from Muslims in 1099, citizens massacred in process • Second Crusade: 1140’s, Muslims taking power back – French and German leaders try to push out Muslims (Absolute failure); Leaders during Third Crusade • Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus (France) • 1187 – Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes Jerusalem • 1189: Problems encountered: – Barbarossa drowns while swimming – France and England successful at sea, but failed as they moved inland – Phillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with Saladin – Christians can still go to Jerusalem Late Crusades • Pope Innocent III – calls for 4th Crusade • Constantinople taken in 1204 by Crusaders, eventually lost in 1261 when Byzantine Empire is revived • Other Crusades follow, including a Children’s Crusade; 1,000,000 + dead Christian Crusades: East and West Effects of Crusades • Trade increased because of the need for weapons, food, and other supplies • Muslim Culture and faith spreads • Kings gain power (so they can prevent rebellions and other problems) • Jews are persecuted Agricultural Changes • Population increases Food Production Increases • Why did food production rise? – Climate change – Land could be cultivated – Technological innovations were made • Carruca (plow) • Shift from two-field to three-field system: only 1/3 of land lay fallow instead of 1/2 – Manorial System • Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by peasants/serfs Two-Three Field System Field One 1st year – Fallow 2nd year – Crop 1 Field One 1st year – Crop 1 2nd year – Crop 2 3rd year - Fallow Field Two Field Two 1st year – Crop 2nd year – Fallow 1st year – Crop 2 2nd year – Fallow 3rd year – Crop 1 Field Three 1st year – Fallow 2nd year – Crop 1 3rd year – Crop 2 Agricultural Changes • Cycle of Labor – The peasants cycle of labor explained peasants job tasks each month of the year • Medieval diet – – – – Bread (w/ barley, millet, and oats) Cheese Nuts, berries, fruits, grains Wine Four Basic Rights of Townspeople 1. Freedom – Anyone lived in town for a year and a day was free, including serfs 2. Exemption – Any townspeople were exempt from working on a manor 3. Town Justice – Towns had their own courts 4. Commercial privileges – Townspeople could trade freely in the town market but outsiders would be taxed Major Cities Italy Northern Europe Hanseatic League Genoa Pisa Venice Kiev Flanders Bruges Ghent Breman Hamburg Lubeck Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices Benefits of Guilds 1. Set wages and pay 2. Set standards of quality 3. Sick pay for members – Benevolence packages Frederick I (Barbarossa) www.bredalsparken.dk/~soren-kretzschmer/Frederick_Barbarossa.jpg • Rules from 1152 – 1190 • Also called the Red Beard • Wanted to control traderich northern Italy (Lombardy) • City-states of Lombardy unite to form Lombard League to stop invasion of Frederick Battle of Legnano www.threemonkeysonline.com/images/articles/legnano.jpg • Takes place on May 29, 1176 • Lombard League takes on Frederick and his forces in Legnano • Victory for the Lombard League Italy divided into three regions • Northern Italy – Lombard League • Central Italy – Papal States • Southern Italy – controlled by Sicily Attempts to unite Italy and Germany into one empire failed Pope Innocent III www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg • Pope from 1198-1216 • Saw rulers of Europe as servants of the church • Had major conflict with King John – Places interdict on England • Closed churches and withheld sacraments Philip IV www3.tky.3web.ne.jp/~jafarr/A%20Portrait%20of%20King%20Philip%20IV%2 02.html • To control church goes as far as arresting Pope Boniface II • After Boniface’s death (under somewhat questionable circumstances) will influence the election of Clement V • Moves papacy to France causing The Great Schism • The Pope, Clement V, supposedly fearing violence in Rome moves Papacy to Avignon, France • Rome then selects another Pope, creating two – will eventually have three • Council of Constance forced all three to resign and appoints one