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Germanic and Medieval Europe Germanic Rule By AD 500—the Roman Empire had been destroyed by Germanic invasions Many things happened after the Germanic peoples took power Trade decreased Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair Law & order vanished Education almost disappeared Money was no longer used Life did not extend beyond the village Germanic Rule Western Europe had become a very backward place The period when the Germanic tribes first took over the west is called: The Dark Ages, Middle Ages, Medieval Period The era contained elements of Germanic, Roman, and Christian cultures Merovingian Rulers AD 400s—the Franks emerged as the most powerful The Franks settled in Gaul—modern day France and Western Germany The early Frankish rulers were called Merovingian Kings The Merovingian Kings held power until the 700s Merovingian Rulers Clovis 481—Became leader of the Franks 496—Converted to Christianity He was very strong because of his military Upon his death, his kingdom was divided among his sons Clovis Carolingian Rulers Charles Martel 714—Charles Martel became Mayor of the Palace—the leading government official under the king 732—Martel defended France from Muslim invasion at the Battle of Tours Charles Martel Pepin the Short Pepin was Charles Martel’s son 741—Pepin became Mayor of the Palace Pepin wanted to be king, but he had no royal blood He used his influence with the Frankish bishops and the Pope to bring about dynastic change Pepin the Short The Pope made Pepin king of the Franks Pepin agreed to defend the Catholic Church against its enemies 754—Pepin helped to drive the Lombards out of Rome Pepin received a lot of Lombard land near Rome Pepin gave the land to the Pope The land became the Papal States Charlemagne 768—Charlemagne became king of the Franks Charlemagne was Pepin’s son Charlemagne has also been called Charles the Great & Carolus Magnus His dynasty has been called the Carolingian Dynasty He increased the size of the empire The kingdom came to include: Germany France Northern Spain Most of Italy He knew he needed to restore literacy to his kingdom He made his royal court into a center of learning By 800, Charlemagne’s empire included all of civilized Western Europe 800—Charlemagne traveled to Rome to defend the Pope against upset Roman nobles Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day His crowning helped to better the relationship between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne used counts to help rule his vast empire The counts solved the local problems and helped to get soldiers for Charlemagne’s army Charlemagne personally held his empire together 814—Charlemagne dies leaving his son in power— Louis the Pious Louis was very weak After Louis’ death, he left the kingdom to his 3 sons Louis’ 3 sons constantly fought over control in the kingdom 843—3 brothers agreed to divide the empire in the Treaty of Verdun Charles the Bald—Western Part (France) Louis the German—Eastern Part (Germany) Lothair—Holy Roman Empire (N. Italy and S. Germany) Early Medieval Europe Feudalism dominated early Medieval Europe Feudalism was a highly decentralized form of government stressing mutual alliances between monarchs and nobles in which land is given away in exchange for loyalty and military service Feudalism started in France and moved to other parts of Europe in the 1000s Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel while he was fighting the Muslims Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved saddle—the Muslim saddle had stirrups, European saddles did not Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his military and create a true cavalry He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so he gave them land instead Feudalism involved 2 people The Lord gave the land away The Vassal received the land The land that is given away is called a fief The vassal had to provide certain services to the lord in exchange for the land 1.) Provide a certain number of knights Most important duty The vassal would give away his land as payment to knights Thus the vassal could become a lord 2.) Serve on the lord’s court 3.) Provide food and housing if the lord ever visited 4.) Give $ to the lord if his son became a knight or his eldest daughter became married 5.) Pay the lord’s ransom if he were ever captured Most of the obligations were never carried out Most vassals would raise knights not to give to the lord, but to fight the lord to get more land Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots of war between the lords and vassals The Catholic Church—unsuccessfully—tried to limit the number of wars with many laws Castles Lords were only powerful if they could protect themselves They built castles for defense Castles were a complex of different buildings The Nobility Kings Lords Knights Ladies Nobles had easy lives when compared to the peasants Their castles were cold, dark, damp, and dreary places The Nobility Nobles had lots of power in their lands Collect taxes and rent Administer justice Female nobles had very few rights Forced into fixed marriages Could marry at age 12 Main duty—to have and raise kids The Nobility Noblemen participated in tournaments to keep their skills sharp Noblemen also enjoyed hunting, falconry, and archery “Knight” Life Knights came from the noble classes 1.) @ age 7, training began The boy was a page and learned skills 2.) @ 15 the boy became a squire Assists a knight in battle 3.) @ 21 the boy became a knight The Knight Knights followed a code called chivalry Had to be brave Fight fairly Keep promises Defend the Church Treat noblewomen with respect The Manorial System The nobles were wealthy because of the work the peasants were doing The peasants lived on and worked the nobles’ lands Manorial System—an agricultural system that provided both the lord and peasant with food, shelter, and protection The Manorial System Manors were the lands and buildings that were farmed and used by both the lord and the peasants Lord’s house Pastures and fields Forests Peasant village The Manorial System The manor’s peasants agreed to provide services to the lord in return for the lord’s protection The peasants farmed the land to produce food for themselves and the lord The peasants served as the tool producers—blacksmiths, carpenters, millers, etc. The Manorial System The manors had to be selfsufficient—making everything the manor needed Most peasants never left the manor Some peasants were serfs—similar to slaves, but they could not be bought or sold Agricultural Advances 2 new agricultural improvements occurred in the Middle Ages that led to more food production 1.) New Plow Heavier Made deeper cuts in the soil 2.) Three Field System Crop rotation Peasant Life Peasants lived very hard lives Life expectancy—40 Disease and hunger were rampant Housing was small—1 room with a dirt floor Rarely ate meat Enjoyed holidays—lots of entertainment and food Medieval Church During the Medieval period, the Catholic Church proved to be very powerful Catholic Church became the center of life for nearly all Western Europeans The primary job of the church was spiritual The church became involved in political & social issues Interdicts Pope = most powerful figure in Europe Nearly all of Europe fell under the Pope’s control Everyone was Catholic, giving the Pope control over peasants, nobles, and kings Way to salvation was by gaining the grace of God To do this, people participated in sacraments (ceremonies): Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the sick Holy Orders Most Europeans were very religious even though they didn’t understand Christianity The mass (church service) was said in Latin—a language that only the clergy (priests) understood People learned about Christianity through paintings, statues, & stained glass 1.) Secular (from Latin word meaning present world) Clergy Pope, Bishops, Priests 2.) Regular (from Latin word meaning rule) Clergy Monks & nuns 520—St. Benedict’s monastery in Italy that had strict rules for monks Couldn’t marry Couldn’t own property Some took vows of silence Monastic Life Monks were very obedient people Clothing was simple- a long, loose robe made from dark, wool material 1-2 meals a day Lived in monasteries St. Benedict Monastic Life Women also participated These women were nuns who lived in convents Known for wearing gown & veil Monastic Life Monks & nuns were isolated from the rest of the people yet played a major role in peoples’ lives Monks preserved classical Roman and Greek texts by hand copying books Monasteries also had schools for children, hospitals for the sick, and hotels for travelers Power of the Church The Catholic Church was powerful both politically & spiritually The rich gave $ to the Church Church became corrupt from the $ & power Church leaders cared less about the people and more about $ Church Reform People began to call for reform because the Church was too secular A College of Cardinals would choose the Pope 1073—the Pope outlawed the Practice of Lay Investiture—when secular rulers appointed Church officials 1215: Pope Innocent III tried to reform the clergy He condemned drunkenness, feasting, hawking, and dancing among the clergy “The pope stands between God and man, lower than God, but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one.” —Pope Innocent III Heretics could be punished or killed Innocent started the Inquisition—a Church court designed to find, try, convict, & punish heretics 1.)imprisonment 2.)excommunication 3.)taking of property 4.)execution Friars—wandering preachers—also attempted church reform Franciscans Dominicans Rise of European Monarchies During the early medieval period, kings were rulers only in name – they had very little power until the 1100s Medieval England England was repeatedly invaded by Viking tribes from the 400s until the 100s Angles, Saxons, Vikings One king was able to help England defend itself from Viking invasions in 800s King Alfred the Great (871-899) defeated the Vikings Alfred was a learner, opened schools, and hired translators to translate books Had a history of England written (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) The Anglo Saxon Chronicle was continuously updated for 200 years King Alfred 1066: England will be invaded and change hands after king dies 3 people claim throne (a Viking, Harold Godwinson, & William Duke of Normandy) William Duke of Normandy was on who laid claim He was a relative of King Edward and a vassal to the King of France Assembled force of 10,000 & set sail for England 1066 Battle of Hastings – William wins & becomes “the Conqueror” or King William I of England William sets up new tax system “Doomsday Book” was a census to count every person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st for Europe William the Conqueror Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandson Greatly increased power of the monarch Created system of courts; known as “Lion of Justice” Judges from royal court traveled around to decide cases (took power from lords) Henry II (1154-1189): grandson of Henry I Establishes common law & started trial by jury Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church in England Henry appointed friend-Thomas Beckett as archbishop of Canterbury Henry does this to get a friend or ally into the Church Eventually orders his friend to be murdered. Married Eleanor of Aquitaine Now owns Normandy & Aquitaine (that’s almost ½ of France!!) Henry II’s son King John Loses land to the French John angers people--by raising taxes 1215—angry English barons force John to sign Magna Carta The Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits on the king’s power: 1.) King couldn’t raise taxes without consent of the Great Council 2.) Outlawed imprisonment without fair trial 1200s - middle class that made $$ from business not farming Led to a Parliament 1.) House of Lords 2.) House of Commons France France develops strong monarchy France’s govt. will not be like the limited monarchy that had been created in England Lands were ruled by different lords who were independent of each other 987: Hugh Capet will seize throne of France Capetian Dynasty lasts 300 years • As the French monarchs became more powerful, the number of French nobles decreased Gave towns the right to govern themselves-towns no longer under feudal obligations Royal courts exert power over local lords’ courts Only king could mint coins Even taxed the clergy Banned private wars & certain weapons Holy Roman Empire The HRE (modern day Germany) stayed very weak The HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of the Pope and Rome 962: Pope asked Otto for help & named Otto Emperor of the Romans HRE could approve or disapprove the election of popes HRE could depose popes while the pope could depose kings--a struggle over who had real power will develop 1073: Pope Gregory VII outlaws lay investiture--kings appointing the clergy Emperor Henry IV refused to follow this Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry Gregory tries to get nobles to select another ruler Upon this, Pope excommunicated and deposed Henry Henry gives in to the Pope & goes to Rome to repent Concordat of Worms – HRE was allowed to choose bishops and give bishops land – The pope, however had the power to disapprove unworthy candidates