Download Middle Ages

Middle Ages
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Middle Ages
• AKA = Dark Ages
– Little trade
– No education
– Mass invasions
• Historians say it was not dark
• Est. new civilization
• Medieval – Latin for “middle ages”
Germanic Kingdoms
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Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Franks
Mostly farmers or herders
Small communities
No written law
King elected by tribal council
Warrior and king pact
King Clovis
• King of the Franks
• Conquers Gaul
• Converted to Christianity
Muslim Empire
• Islam formed in 600s
• Move across the Middle East, N. Africa,
and into Spain
Charles Martel
• Raised an army to battle the Muslims in
Frankish lands
• 732 – Battle of Tours
– Martel’s Army defeats the Muslims
Charles the Great
• “Charlemagne”
• Takes the throne in 768
• Ruled the empire built by his grandfather,
Charles Martel
• Fought: Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the
North, Avars and Slavs in the East, and
Lombards in Italy
Charlemagne
• 799 – Pope Leo III asked him for help
against rebellious nobles
• Pope makes Charlemagne emperor of
Rome
• Results:
– East and West split more
– Unites Christians in Europe
– Sets up power struggle
Gov’t of Charlemagne
• Nobles as governors
• Missi dominici – supervisors/advisors
• Officials expected to keep written records
Society of Charlemagne
• Encouraged Latin learning
• Set up schools
Legacy of Charlemagne
• Died in 814
• Son, Louis I rules
– Grandsons fight over and divide the empire
with the Treaty of Verdun
• Known for:
– Extending Christianity
– Set up a strong, efficient government
Invasions
• Muslims
• Magyars from Hungary
• Vikings from Scandinavia
– Farmers ruled by chieftains
– Explored, traded, pillaged
Feudalism
• Def. – a loosely organized system of rule
in which powerful local lords divided their
landholdings among lesser lords known as
vassals
– Land is exchanged for military service
• Feudal contract – exchange of pledges
• Fief – estate that may include peasants
• Liege lord – 1st lord
Contract
• Protection in exchange for land, peasants,
40 days of military service, money, and
sometimes advice
Feudal Organizer
Knights and Nobles
• Knight – a mounted warrior
• Sent at age 7 to father’s lord’s castle
– Learn to ride and fight
– Learn to maintain armor and weapons
• Fight with swords, axes, and lances while on
horseback
– Strict discipline
– Laziness was beat out
– Dubbed a knight at conclusion of training
Noblewomen
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Took over duties if husband was away
Some event went to war
Some were involved in politics
Widow retain land
Don’t typically inherit
Dowry – land
Women were apprentices as well
Chivalry
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Code of conduct
Require bravery, loyalty, and honesty
Fight fairly
Only applied to nobles
Must protect the weak
• Troubadours – wondering musicians
Manor System
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Lord’s estate
Self-sufficient
City-state
Peasants – serfs- bound to the land
– NOT slavery
Peasants and Lords
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Worked certain number of days
Repaired fences, roads, bridges, ect
Paid inheritance fee
Paid mill fee
Semi-annual fee (Christmas and Easter)
– Paid with goods
• Guaranteed food, housing, and land
Land division
• Woods and hunting is for the Lord ONLY
• Land is divided in strips
Peasant Life
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Harsh, long hours
Hungry in the winter
Few live longer than 35yr.
Diet: black bread and veggies
– Very little meat
– Fish if time allows
Section 3
The Medieval Church
Role of the Priest
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Contact of the church
Celebrated mass
Administered the sacraments
Spread teachings of the Church
Interpreted the Bible
Medical
education
Village Church
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Social center
Place of worship
Lives revolved around the church
Village pride
Relics
• Cathedral – church of the bishop
Church Women
• “men and women are equal before God”
• Women on earth were weak and more
likely to sin
– Need the guidance of men
• Protection:
– Min. age for marriage
– Men could be fined for abuse
• Women had harsher punishments
Monasteries and Convents
• Benedictine Rule – vows
– Obedience to the head of the convent or
monastery
– Poverty
– chastity
• Daily division of activities
• Scientists
• Hospitals, schools, orphanages, shelters,
hotels
Church Power
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Secular – worldly
Medieval popes claim papal supremacy
Popes have their own army
Bishops & archbishops = nobles
– Each has own land and army
• Church officials & secular rulers are
interlinked = family/association
Doctrine on Salvation
• Do good works
• Believe in Christ
• Participate in the sacraments
– Give church power
• Excommunication – kicked out of the church
• Interdict – excommunication of a region
• Canon Laws
– Laws passed by the courts
– Court system
Corruption & Reform
• Wealth & power reduce discipline
• Priest allowed to marry
• Priesthood – inherited
Pope Gregory VII
• Outlaw marriage
• Eliminated secular involvement
• Prohibits simony – the selling of church
offices
Monk Orders
• Friars – traveling monks
• St. Francis of Assisi
– Founded the Franciscans
– Preached poverty, humility, and love of God
• St. Dominic
– Dominican order
– Combat heresies
Women in the Order
• Dominican Nuns
• Poor Clares
– Only allow wealthy women for dowries
• Beguines – poor women
Jews of the Middle Ages
• Spain – center religious tolerance
– Many Jews
• Christians blame Jews for any problems
– Many move to E. Europe
Section 4
Economic Recovery
Agri. Revolution
• Plows, horses
– Allow more land to be farmed
• Lords have more land cleared
• Creation of 3-field system
– Grain, legume, unplanted
Trade results
• Cities form around trade route due to lack
of war/invasion
• Charter – permission and rules for a new
town
– Requires yearly fee
Commercial Revolution
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Capital and credit are used
Partnerships – groups of merchants
Use of insurance
Tenant farming begins
Middle Class
• Merchants, traders, artisans
• Unhappy nobles and clergy
Guilds
• Groups of merchants and artisans
• Unions
• Somewhat of a government
– Taxes, laws, financial spending for the city
• Guild Training
– 7 – become an apprentice
– 7 years of training
– Result as a journeymen
Women in Guilds
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Ownership/membership
Craft of father or husband
Inherit business
Control certain goods
Cities of the Middle Ages
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Overcrowded
Narrow streets
Fire hazards
Division of guilds
Trash filled streets
Chapter 8 Section 1
Unification of Regions
Royal Power
• Early monarchs have little power
• Noble and church have power
– Courts, taxes, armies
• Monarchs
– Establish courts and bureaucracies
– Tax systems
– Armies
– Relationships w/ Middle class
England
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Conquered by Anglo-Saxons
1066 – King Edward died w/o an heir
Harold – chosen by nobles
William – Duke of Normandy claims throne
– Gets army and support of Pope
– Won @ Battle of Hastings
– Became William the Conqueror
Royal Power of William
• Fiefs given to Church and French Lords,
AKA barons
• Required ALL vassals to make him liege
lord
• Census in 1086
– Domesday Book
• Castle, fields, pigpens
Legal System of Henry II
• 1154 – Henry II takes throne
– Sent out justices
– Common law – a legal system based on
custom and court rulings
– Jury system
• Jury – men sworn to tell the truth
Church vs. Gov’t
• Henry II claims right to put clergy on trial
Evolving Gov’t
• King John
– Lost lands in France to King Philip II of France
– Innocent III excommunicates John
• Interdicts England
– Magna Carta 1215 – great charter
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Forced by nobles
1) Nobles get rights
2) Set the monarch under the law
Included due process of law
Also had habeas corpus
Development of Parlaiment
• Great Council
• Legislative Branch
• 1295 – Edward I asked Parliament to
approve $ for wars in France
Monarchs of France
• Capetian Kings – 300 years of rule
– Hugh Capet elected
– Makes throne hereditary
– Gained lands by playing nobles against each
other
– Set up an effective bureaucracy
– Gain support of church and Middle class
Philip II
• Gave gov’t positions to middle class
• Gave charters for new towns
• Extended French lands
Louis IX
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Persecuted heretics and Jews
Led knights in 2 crusades
Declared a saint
Expanded court system
Ended serfdom
Outlawed private laws
Philip IX vs. Pope Boniface VIII
• Taxation of clergy
• Pope escapes capture
Pope vs. Pope
• 1305 – French Pope elected
– Moves capital to French Border
• Another pope is elected in Rome
• The fight for power
Estates General
• 3 body system
– Clergy, nobles, and townsfolk
The Crusades
•  a series of wars fought between
Christians and Muslims over the Holy
Land
• Council of Clermont  Pope Urban II calls
for a Crusade to free the Holy Land
• Create a Crusade Graphic Organizer
Pope Urban II’s Reasons
• Increase power
• Heal the split in the church
• Christians fighting Muslims and not other
Christians