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The Age of Faith A Spiritual Revival in the Church Chapter 14 Section 1 Causes and Effects • Causes: – Vikings and other invaders raided western Europe and destroyed monasteries and centers of learning- New monasteries were built with the idea of reform. • Effects: – New religious orders of monks spread the ideas of reform- devotion and reverence to God, restored and expanded Pope’s power Main Problems in the Church 1. Illiterate Priests 2. Popes with questionable morals 3. Bishops and abbots cared more about their Feudal duties than the spiritual 4. Priests with wives and children 5. Simony- bishops selling positions 6. Lay investiture Reforms and Church Organization 1. Popes Leo and Greg- enforced laws against simony and married priests 2. Restructured 1. Resembled a kingdom 2. Papal Curia- the pope’s group of advisors 1. Acted as a court 2. Developed Canon law 3. Tithes a. 1/10 of the yearly income b. Used to perform social services- hospitals The Crusades The Crusades Goals 1. Social- stop attacks, reclaim Palestine for Christians 2. Political- get rid of knights who threatened peace in the kingdoms 3. Economic- younger sons of knights seeking fortunes, cash loans to finance the journey, control of trade routes st 1 and nd 2 Crusades 1. 1097- three armies of knights and people gathered outside Constantinople- not prepared for climate and had no plan, no leader 2. 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture Jerusalem and a small strip of land 3. 1144- Muslims captured a key city- 2nd Crusade began 4. 1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin rd 3 Crusade 1. Three Kings- Phillip II (France), Barbarossa (German Emperor) and Richard the Lionhearted (England) --- arguments and death left Richard alone 2. Saladin- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader- admired by many westerners 3. Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim control, but unarmed Christians could visit. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A. Causes- 4th Crusade failed, looting of Constantinople by knights, religious spirit faded- most were out for their own gain. B. The Children’s Crusade 1. French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children 2. Germany- 20,000 children 3. Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost at sea, sold into slaveryonly 2,000 returned home The Spanish Crusade 1. 1100’s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of Spain 2. Reconquista- long effort to drive out Muslims 3. 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of Grenada (island) – the last Muslim controlled territory Spanish Inquisition 1. To unify Spain and increase their power I and F used the court of the church to suppress heresy 2. Heretics- people who’s religious beliefs differed from the Roman Catholic Church (Muslims and Jews) 3. 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from Spain Effects of the Crusades 1. Women-chance to manage estates or operate businesses 2. Merchants- expanded trade- imported spices, fruits, and cloth 3. Pope- weakened his power and noblesincreased the power of kings 4. Muslims- intolerance and prejudice of Christians left a legacy of bitterness and hatred- still in effect today 5. Jews-time of increased persecution in Europe and poor relationships in Muslim regions Jerusalem in the Middle Ages Vezalay The town and monastery reached the height of their glory when in Vézelay St. Bernard called for the Second Crusade, in an oration heard by King Louis VII of France and a great number of nobles on March 31, 1146. Vézelay was also the site of the rendezvous between kings Philippe IV of France and Richard I of England as they embarked on the Third Crusade. The Formation of Western Europe Changes in Medieval Society Chapter 14 Section 1 A Growing Food Supply Switch to Horsepower • In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast) • Switched to horses that could do 3 times as much work in the same amount of time. • Harness was improved Three Field System • In the past – used a two-field system, where they only used 50% (1/2) of their land. • The three-field system allowed farmers to use 67% (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more. The Guilds Definition – organization of individuals in the same business who work together to improve economic and social conditions for it members Functions of the Guild 1) Set standards of quality 2) Train Apprentices 3) Carried goods to local regions Guilds Con’t Examples of Guilds – – – – – – Bakers Wine makers Glass makers Tailors Druggist Wheelwrights To be a member – Started as an APPRENTICE – Moved to a JOURNEYMAN – Become a MASTER • “Masterpiece” Commercial Revolution Definition: Expansion of TRADE and BUSINESS Commercial Revolution 1) 2) 3) 4) Fairs and Trade Took place mainly in towns Peasant from manors would travel to buy, sell, and trade Items: cheese, bacon, wine, glass, salt, leather, dyes, knives, ropes, honey Crusades opened up trade routes Business and Banking 1) Due to the mass travel or merchants and traders checks and credit became a means of moving money. 2) Lending also became prevalent Effects of the Commercial Revolution 1) Increased the power of the king 2) More money was available for building businesses 3) Workers were paid for labor Urban Life • Population began to grow. • Towns were small, but there were lots of them. • Towns were FILTHY. • People were not content to live on the manor, so they moved to towns. Revival of Learning • Result of the Crusades • Muslims were very educated – Aided with the writing of the Greek philosophers • Vernacular – Common language of a place or region • Scholastics – men who studied together at the great universities • Thomas Aquinas – Argued for religious ideas that could be proved with logic, favored the GREEKS. England and France Develop Chapter 14 Section 3 Invasions • For Centuries: Anglos and Saxons invaded England and stayed creating the AngloSaxon culture • 800’s= Vikings were turned back by King Alfred the Great who named the territory England • 1016= Danish King united Vikings and AngloSaxons into one people • 1042- King Edward the Confessor took the throne • 1066= Edward died without an heir The Norman Conquest “the last invasion” • William the Conquer- cousin of Edwardinvaded and claimed the throne • Harold Godwinson- Anglo-Saxon who also claimed the throne • Battle of Hastings- At stake was whether Normans of Anglo-Saxons would rule England Result: Harold died…. William became king THE NORMANS CONTROLLED ENGLAND • William took England’s land, kept 1/5, and divided the rest (feudalism) Goals of English Kings 1. Hold and gain French lands – Marriage- Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine *** This made him a king and a vassal to the French King*** 2. Strengthen their power over nobles and the church Juries and Common Law • King Henry II – Sent judges to all parts of England • Collect taxes • Settle law suits • Punish crime Juries and Common Law (Cont.) Introduced juries to English courts • 12 loyal neighbors of the accused • Answered questions about the crime • Only could be used by the royal courts *Formed Common Law – jury decisions formed a unified body of law that are still the basis for laws in most English speaking countries today. Leading up to the Magna Carta • Henry II- Richard the Lionhearted-John Softsword-Edward I • John lost Normandy, took away town charters, alienated the church, and raised taxes…. taxation without representation • Nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Chart on June 15, 1215! The Magna Charta • Guaranteed certain political rights – No taxation without representation – A jury trial – Equal protection under the law • Intended to defend the rights of Nobles • In time extended to all citizens More Steps Toward Democracy • Edward I needed more money- raise taxes • Called knights, lords, bishops, and burgesses (people with wealth) from all over England in November 1295 to form the Model Parliament. • 1300s-1400s- Parliament divided into two houses (Lords and House of Commons) served to check the king’s power and strengthen democracy The Capetians in France • Capetian Dynasty began when the last Carolingian (remember Charlemagne) died and Hugh Captet took over France. • Capetian rulers secured French unity and increased their power over 300 years. • Phillip II (Remember the Crusader who fought with Richard) – sought to weaken English Kings’ power in France- succeeded under John (remember the Softsword)- Democracy in France???? • Phillip created courts in France • Henry IX (Phillip’s grandson) created a French appeals court- strengthened his power • Phillip IV- began to call members of society (including commoners) together to make decisions and gain support for his policies: forming the Estates General – First Estate = Church Leaders – Second Estate = Nobles – Third Estate - Commoners Conflict and Disaster Chapter 14 Section4 The Church Divided The 100 Years’ War The Bubonic Plague A Church Divided The Great Schism 1. CAUSE: Thru a series of situations the Roman Catholic Church ended up with two popes. (One in Italy and the other in France) 2. The division (or schism) was over which one should be the pope. 3. This weakened the power of the church (Lost some of their credibility.) John Wycliffe 1. Who – English preacher 2. Stated – “Jesus Christ was the head of the church, not the Pope.” 3. His complaint – Church was worldly, and pope had too much authority The Hundred Years’ War • Lasted from 1337 – 1453 • Fighting was off and on, not continuous • Who: England v. France • Central Issue: The Throne of France • Weapon that altered everything was the longbow The Hundred Years’ War Con’t • Longbow – “The Machine Gun of the Middle Ages” – English developed it – Description: about 6 feet tall, cheap to make, easy to carry – Lethal Aspects: Accurate to about 200 yards, average archer could shoot about 14 arrows per minute – The French were still using crossbows, which made the battles even more lopsided. The Hundred Years’ War Con’t • French Heroine – Joan of Arc – French Teenager – Background – Had visions that she should lead the French Army – The Army followed her, and won several battles, and guided the French to victory – Condemned as a witch, and burned at the stake Impact of the Hundred Years’ War – Nationalism emerged in the two countries --NATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMED – Power of the French monarch evolved – English suffered internal turmoil The Bubonic Plague In the stomach of the fleas Fleas to Rats Rats to Fleas Dirty People in Dirty Towns Trade Routes and Trade Ships Fleas / Animals Airborne Fluids (like blood) The Bubonic Plague Con’t • When: 1300s • Where: Europe, Asia, North Africa • “Fathers and mothers refused to nurse or assist their children.” • “Black Death” – B/C of the bluish/black spots that developed on the victim’s skin • Followed the trade routes from the east • 75% of those who caught the disease died The Bubonic Plague Con’t The Bubonic Plague Con’t • Symptoms of the Black Death – – – – Painful boils on the skin (armpits & groin) Black and Purple Spots on the skin High fever, chills, delirium DEATH! • Effects of the Black Death – – – – 50+ million dead Population reduction Trade went down Contributed to the ending of Medieval Society