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The Early Middle Ages Germanic Kingdoms Note: NOT Germans Different kind of civilization: No written laws. No cities. Governed by custom. Elected kings. Nobility swore allegiance to kings. Kings protected all in times of war. War occurred often. Battle of Tours, 732 AD Franks vs. the Muslims Charles Martel Christian victory – God on their side Muslims keep most of Spain Charlemagne Charles the Great (742?-814) King of Franks (768-814) Holy Roman Emperor (800-814) Shared Frankish kingdom with brother until he died Conquered and Christianized neighboring kingdoms Northern Italy, part of Spain, all of France, Germany, Low Countries Restored Pope Leo III and was named “Holy Roman Emperor” on Christma in 800 Capital at Aachen Advances in scholarship, literature, law Called “Carolingian Dynasty” Christian Emperor After the fall of the Roman Empire, power was split in two In the east, a Byzantine emperor ruled in Constantinople In the west, Rome was frequently invaded by “barbarians” Christian Emperor In 800, Charlemagne is named Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) Emperor in Constantinople considers this as wrong Revival of “Roman” Empire in west Established a feudal system Issued legal decrees like Romans Great diplomat with foreign rulers Charlemagne tries to marry his daughter Except with Muslims in Spain Protected Christian shrines in Palestine (Jerusalem) Stabilized the currency (denier) Trade & commerce vigorous Used & protected Jewish merchants Refused to trade iron broadswords with Vikings Christian Emperor Palace school Literacy necessary to be a good Christian Texts were all corrupt Learning will lead to better grasp of the truth - Bible Sacramentary was required Unified book of prayers & rites for sacraments of church Tried to make a united Christian Empire Constantinople upset – thought they were the “true Roman emperor” Spread Christianity Nobles to rule locally “second Rome” at Aachen Curriculum: Formal course of study Grammar, Rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy Europe after Charlemagne Died in 814 Empire fell apart Many invasions – Muslims, Magyars, Vikings, others…. Treaty of Verdun Charlemagne’s grandson’s divide empire into 3 Invaders Legacy of Charlemagne Extended Christianity to northern Europe. Blended German, Roman, and Christian traditions. Good strong system of government. Set a good example for other European rulers. Strong connection to the Roman Catholic Church. Social Aspects of the Medieval World Middle Ages: General Timeline 10951291C.E. Crusades 1066 C.E. Norman invasion of Britain 450 C.E. AngloSaxons invade England 476 C.E. Fall of Rome 306 C.E. Constantine comes to power in Eastern Roman Empire; beginning of Byzantine Empire 1455 C.E. Printing Press 1306-1321 Dante’s Divine Comedy 1386 C.E. Chaucer begins writing Canterbury Tales Beowulf Composed sometime between 850 C.E. 1347 Bubonic Plague 900 C.E. 1453 Fall of Byzantine Empire with invasion of Ottoman Turks Feudalism: A Hierarchy Feudalism Obligations Governmental system Hierarchy Lord Vassel earned a fief Peasants Why would people agree to this? PROTECTION FROM INVADERS! Knights Mounted warrior Age 7 Training Dubbing Ceremony Tournaments Code of Chivalry Brave Valiant Loyal True to word Had to fight fairly Women were to be revered Time for a little simulation You will be given “money” and a role. DO NOT EAT YOUR MONEY!!! Women in Medieval Society Played active roles in society. Women took over when men left. Eleanor of Aquitaine was Queen of France and England. Still, women were daughters of Eve Weak and easily led to sin Needed help & guidance of men The Manor The Lord’s estate Village + surrounding lands Peasants (serfs) – responsible to the lord, paid the lord for various services. In exchange, the lords gave the peasants their own land to farm and protection. Why stand for being a serf ? Protection Land Guaranteed food, shelter, land, housing, some safety. The manor included… Cobbler Tools Church Peasant homes (mud huts) Mill Church Manor House Blacksmith Medieval Peasants Harsh life No education Tireless work Little food One-room huts Disease common Short life-span (35!) Never-ending work Foods of Middle Ages Castle cooks prepared large amounts of food for people Meat had to be salted or smoked or just kept alive before it was needed Sometimes meat was pounded to a paste and served as custard. Table settings Food served out of trenchers Plate made out of bread People often had to bring their own utensils (mostly ate with hands) Shared cups and sometimes trenchers Clothing Peasants probably had one change of clothing – maybe two A lot of wool clothing Outer clothing not washed but under clothing washed often Many peasants died from exposure in winter Childhood Many women and children died in childbirth Everyone was needed in fields so babies often left alone or with older children while parents worked. Began working and doing chores around age 7 Boys educated as apprentices Marriage Men usually older than women Girls sometimes married at age 12 Usually arranged marriages Men had total control over women “Rule of thumb?” Men could divorce women for many reasons Medicine People believed diseases were spread by bad odors Diseases were caused by sins of the soul Medical remedies often caused more harm Blood letting Games Chess Dice Bowling Checkers Backgammon