Download Islam Chapters 6-7-8

Islam
Chapters 6-7-8
Mr. Bartula
AP World History
The Arabian Peninsula
ca 600 CE
The Arabian Peninsula
• Crossroads of trade
•
•
•
•
routes
Wealthy cities
Clan rivalries
Polytheistic
Mecca, dominated by
Umayyad Clan
Muhammad 570-632
• Rasul’ Allah 610
• Qu’ran (Recitations)
• Opposition from
Umayyads
622 Hijra (flight)
622-630 Exile in Yathrib
(Medina)
630 Conquest of Mecca
632 Death
Tenets of Islam
• Continuation and fulfillment of Judaism
and Christianity
• The last message of Allah (God) to
humanity
• Salvation Religion
• Materialistic rather than spiritual
• Egalitarian (the umma)
Tenets of Islam
• Patriarchal
• Monotheistic
• Transcendent
• Syncretic
The Qu’ran
• Divided into surahs
•
•
(recitations)
Organized by length
of surahs
Overall Theme:
submission to the will
of Allah.
Early Examples of Islamic
Syncretism
• Praying toward
•
Jerusalem
The “Satanic Verses”
The Five Pillars of Islam
• 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy of
worship except God and Muhammad is the
messenger of God."
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Salah: Prayer five times a day, facing
Mecca
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Zakah: charity to the poor
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Sawm: Fasting in the month of Ramadan
The Five Pillars of Islam
• The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
Shar’ia
Mecca
Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
Bandar Aceh, Indonesia
Washington, D.C.
The Dome of the Rock
The Early Spread of Islam
The Dhimmis
• “People of the Book”
• Tolerated, but must
•
pay taxes
Some minority groups
( Jews) preferred
Muslim rule because
of toleration.
Reasons for Islam’s appeal
• Syncretism
• Easily understood and
•
•
followed
Accepting of other
faiths
Equality
Muslims in the World
Today
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population
1. Indonesia
183,000,000
6. Iran
62,000,000
2. Pakistan
134,000,000
7. Egypt
59,000,000
3. India
121,000,000
8. Nigeria
53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria
31,000,000
10. Morocco
29,000,000
5. Turkey
66,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total
Muslim population of the world.
The First Islamic Split
• After Muhammad’s death, his father-in-law
Abu Bakr became Caliph (“Successor”)
• The first four Caliphs were relatives of
Muhammad
• Rivalry between tribes led to dissension
and eventually conflict
Battle of Karbala 680
• Final split between Muslims
• Sunni Muslims
• Shi’a Muslims
Sunni Islam
• The majority of Muslims worldwide
• Caliphate can be held by any devout
Muslim man
• Some Sunnis are more
fundamentalist:Wahhabism
Sh’ia Islam
• About 10-15 % of
•
•
•
•
worldwide Muslim
population.
Centered in Iran and Iraq
Only descendants of Ali,
the son-in-law of
Muhammad, can be the
rightful Caliph
Hierarchical, more
mystical than Sunnis
Also called The Twelvers
(for the Twelfth Imam)
The Tomb of Ali, Najaf, Iraq
The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750
• Dar al’ Islam
• Capital: Damascus
• Wealth and luxury
• Mawalis not equal to Arab Muslims
• Increasingly secular (non-religious)
Dar al’ Islam
Dar al’Islam
• International trade
•
•
•
and commerce
Muslims encouraged
merchants and trade
Close cooperation
between Muslims,
Jews, and Christians
Many major cities and
urban areas
Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
The Abbasid Caliphate 758-1258
• Disaffected Mawalis overthrew Umayyads
• Abbasid capital: Baghdad
• Mawalis equal to Arab Muslims
• Dhimmis tolerated
The Abbasid Palace in Baghdad
Abbasid Gardens in Baghdad
Muslim Garden
Cordoba
Cordoba
Cordoba
Cairo
Islamic Science
• Islam encouraged
•
•
•
scientific study to
demonstrate Allah’s
power
The Muslim need to pray
facing Mecca required
knowledge of geometry
and astronomy
Muslims preserved and
expanded classical
science
Jews, Christians, and
Muslims all participated in
a flowering of science,
art, philosophy, and
culture
Muslim Observatory at Samarkand
Al-Haytham: Founder of Modern
Optics
Al-Biruni: mathematician,
astronomer, and geographer
Ibn Sina (Avicenna): physician and
philosopher
The Crusades
• In 1095 the Turks
•
•
restricted European
visits to the Holy Land
Pope Urban VII and
other European
leaders called for a
crusade to free the
Holy Land from the
“infidels”
The Seljuk Turks
became the dominant
Muslim power in the
Middle East after
1071
• Eight Crusades
•
•
•
between 1095-late
1200s
Only the First Crusade
succeeded,
temporarily, in putting
the Holy Land under
European control.
Europeans were
exposed to the higher
culture of Dar al’Islam
Little or no effect on
Muslims from the
Europeans.
Abbasid Decline
• Invasions of the Middle East by Seljuk Turks and
•
•
•
others weakened central authority
The Abbasids became more “Persian” and less
“Arabic” in culture, thus distancing themselves
from the Muslim heartland
In 1258 the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid
Caliphate
Cultural and Economic growth continued despite
political decline.
The spread of Islam to India and
Southeast Asia
711: Muslims invade India
• India weak and decentralized since the
collapse of the Gupta Dynasty
• Muslim invaders conquered much of
northern India and established a capital at
Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)
• Hindus and Buddhists regarded as
dhimmis by their Muslim rulers.
• Islam attracted many lower caste Indians
• Brahmin leaders practiced syncretism to
keep Hindus from converting.
• The majority of Indians remained Hindu,
but Muslims remained rulers
• India was now part of Dar al’Islam and its
trading empire
• Indian science and mathematics were
adopted and spread by the Muslims
• Wrongly calling them
“Arabic Numerals”,
Europeans adopted
Indian numerals
during their Middle
Ages.
Islamic Influence in India
Sufism: Another Branch of Islam
• Mystical sect with
•
Hindu and Buddhist
elements
Developed in India
and in Southeast Asia
Islam in Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asia was a
•
transfer point for goods
moving from China to the
Middle East.
Muslim merchants carried
Islamic culture into
Southeast Asia after the
collapse of the Buddhist
empire of Srivijaya.
Angkor Wat: A Symbol of Religious
Syncretism
Hindu Temple at Angkor Wat
Buddhism at Angkor Wat
Islam at Angkor Wat
Islam in Africa
Africa Before Islam
• Stateless societies based
•
•
•
•
•
•
on kinship groups
Animistic religions
Christianity in Ethiopia
Market economies based
on agriculture
Iron metallurgy
Little technology and no
industry
Trade and Commerce
Islam in Africa
• 640-700 North Africa
•
•
became part of Dar
al’Islam
Islam spread south
over trans-Saharan
caravan routes
The “three coasts” of
Africa facilitated
Islam’s spread
• Islam was successful
•
because syncretism
allowed it to
accommodate ideas
from indigenous
groups and religions
Islam also succeeded
because it was
introduced by wealthy
merchants carrying
desirable goods
Mali
Timbuktu
Islam on the “Swahili Coast”
• The East Coast of
•
•
Africa is called the
“Swahili Coast”
This region was in
contact with the
Middle East and India
through Indian Ocean
trade.
Islam spread along
the coast, but
indigenous religions
dominated the
interiors.