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Islam Chapters 6-7-8 Mr. Bartula AP World History The Arabian Peninsula ca 600 CE The Arabian Peninsula • Crossroads of trade • • • • routes Wealthy cities Clan rivalries Polytheistic Mecca, dominated by Umayyad Clan Muhammad 570-632 • Rasul’ Allah 610 • Qu’ran (Recitations) • Opposition from Umayyads 622 Hijra (flight) 622-630 Exile in Yathrib (Medina) 630 Conquest of Mecca 632 Death Tenets of Islam • Continuation and fulfillment of Judaism and Christianity • The last message of Allah (God) to humanity • Salvation Religion • Materialistic rather than spiritual • Egalitarian (the umma) Tenets of Islam • Patriarchal • Monotheistic • Transcendent • Syncretic The Qu’ran • Divided into surahs • • (recitations) Organized by length of surahs Overall Theme: submission to the will of Allah. Early Examples of Islamic Syncretism • Praying toward • Jerusalem The “Satanic Verses” The Five Pillars of Islam • 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God." The Five Pillars of Islam • Salah: Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca The Five Pillars of Islam • Zakah: charity to the poor The Five Pillars of Islam • Sawm: Fasting in the month of Ramadan The Five Pillars of Islam • The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca Shar’ia Mecca Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq Bandar Aceh, Indonesia Washington, D.C. The Dome of the Rock The Early Spread of Islam The Dhimmis • “People of the Book” • Tolerated, but must • pay taxes Some minority groups ( Jews) preferred Muslim rule because of toleration. Reasons for Islam’s appeal • Syncretism • Easily understood and • • followed Accepting of other faiths Equality Muslims in the World Today Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000 2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000 3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000 4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000 5. Turkey 66,000,000 * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world. The First Islamic Split • After Muhammad’s death, his father-in-law Abu Bakr became Caliph (“Successor”) • The first four Caliphs were relatives of Muhammad • Rivalry between tribes led to dissension and eventually conflict Battle of Karbala 680 • Final split between Muslims • Sunni Muslims • Shi’a Muslims Sunni Islam • The majority of Muslims worldwide • Caliphate can be held by any devout Muslim man • Some Sunnis are more fundamentalist:Wahhabism Sh’ia Islam • About 10-15 % of • • • • worldwide Muslim population. Centered in Iran and Iraq Only descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, can be the rightful Caliph Hierarchical, more mystical than Sunnis Also called The Twelvers (for the Twelfth Imam) The Tomb of Ali, Najaf, Iraq The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Dar al’ Islam • Capital: Damascus • Wealth and luxury • Mawalis not equal to Arab Muslims • Increasingly secular (non-religious) Dar al’ Islam Dar al’Islam • International trade • • • and commerce Muslims encouraged merchants and trade Close cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and Christians Many major cities and urban areas Umayyad Mosque of Damascus The Abbasid Caliphate 758-1258 • Disaffected Mawalis overthrew Umayyads • Abbasid capital: Baghdad • Mawalis equal to Arab Muslims • Dhimmis tolerated The Abbasid Palace in Baghdad Abbasid Gardens in Baghdad Muslim Garden Cordoba Cordoba Cordoba Cairo Islamic Science • Islam encouraged • • • scientific study to demonstrate Allah’s power The Muslim need to pray facing Mecca required knowledge of geometry and astronomy Muslims preserved and expanded classical science Jews, Christians, and Muslims all participated in a flowering of science, art, philosophy, and culture Muslim Observatory at Samarkand Al-Haytham: Founder of Modern Optics Al-Biruni: mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Ibn Sina (Avicenna): physician and philosopher The Crusades • In 1095 the Turks • • restricted European visits to the Holy Land Pope Urban VII and other European leaders called for a crusade to free the Holy Land from the “infidels” The Seljuk Turks became the dominant Muslim power in the Middle East after 1071 • Eight Crusades • • • between 1095-late 1200s Only the First Crusade succeeded, temporarily, in putting the Holy Land under European control. Europeans were exposed to the higher culture of Dar al’Islam Little or no effect on Muslims from the Europeans. Abbasid Decline • Invasions of the Middle East by Seljuk Turks and • • • others weakened central authority The Abbasids became more “Persian” and less “Arabic” in culture, thus distancing themselves from the Muslim heartland In 1258 the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate Cultural and Economic growth continued despite political decline. The spread of Islam to India and Southeast Asia 711: Muslims invade India • India weak and decentralized since the collapse of the Gupta Dynasty • Muslim invaders conquered much of northern India and established a capital at Delhi (Delhi Sultanate) • Hindus and Buddhists regarded as dhimmis by their Muslim rulers. • Islam attracted many lower caste Indians • Brahmin leaders practiced syncretism to keep Hindus from converting. • The majority of Indians remained Hindu, but Muslims remained rulers • India was now part of Dar al’Islam and its trading empire • Indian science and mathematics were adopted and spread by the Muslims • Wrongly calling them “Arabic Numerals”, Europeans adopted Indian numerals during their Middle Ages. Islamic Influence in India Sufism: Another Branch of Islam • Mystical sect with • Hindu and Buddhist elements Developed in India and in Southeast Asia Islam in Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia was a • transfer point for goods moving from China to the Middle East. Muslim merchants carried Islamic culture into Southeast Asia after the collapse of the Buddhist empire of Srivijaya. Angkor Wat: A Symbol of Religious Syncretism Hindu Temple at Angkor Wat Buddhism at Angkor Wat Islam at Angkor Wat Islam in Africa Africa Before Islam • Stateless societies based • • • • • • on kinship groups Animistic religions Christianity in Ethiopia Market economies based on agriculture Iron metallurgy Little technology and no industry Trade and Commerce Islam in Africa • 640-700 North Africa • • became part of Dar al’Islam Islam spread south over trans-Saharan caravan routes The “three coasts” of Africa facilitated Islam’s spread • Islam was successful • because syncretism allowed it to accommodate ideas from indigenous groups and religions Islam also succeeded because it was introduced by wealthy merchants carrying desirable goods Mali Timbuktu Islam on the “Swahili Coast” • The East Coast of • • Africa is called the “Swahili Coast” This region was in contact with the Middle East and India through Indian Ocean trade. Islam spread along the coast, but indigenous religions dominated the interiors.