Download Islam & the Crusades - RoshanVarghese

WarmUp #5
• Analyze the map on pg. 256: “Starting Points:
Arabia ~550 A.D.”
• Answer the “Analyze & Predict” questions.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Objective: Analyze the rise & spread of Islam &
its influence on the Crusades, as well as
Christianity in the Late Middle Ages.
Arab World
• nomadic people
• polytheistic
– believed Abraham built
kaaba at Mecca
• believed in supreme god
called Allah
Mohammed 570-632 AD
• orphaned, caravan leader (wealthy)
• troubled by gap between rich & poor
• meditated: visions of the angel, Gabriel
– recorded = Koran (Quran)
• preached in Mecca
– people chased him out, so he fled to Medina 622
AD (hijrah)
• converted people in Medina
– returned to Mecca with an army & conquered city
630 AD
Muslim Teachings
• monotheistic: Allah
• holy book: Quran
• must follow the 5 Pillars of Islam
– belief: “there is no god but Allah & Mohammed is His
messenger…”
– prayer: 5 times a day, facing holy city of Mecca
– alms/charity: give to the poor/less fortunate
– fasting: dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan
– hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca once in life, if able (health/$$$)
• salvation, by following will of Allah
Muslim Teachings
• Shariah: strict Islamic
law code
• Sunna: Muhammad’s
behavior/teachings
– Muslims are not allowed
to gamble, drink alcohol,
eat pork, be dishonest etc
Culture of Islam
• Mohammed: last/greatest prophet
• mosques: places of Muslim worship
• trade: main activity
– Islam spread through conquest & trade
• initially, women had some rights (~Mohammed’s wife)
– over time, they have lost rights
• patriarchal: men could have up to 4 wives
Art, Literature & Architecture
• Quran seen as greatest literature
• architecture is best seen in mosques: Muslim houses
of worship
– minarets (towers on mosques: calls people to pray)
• not allowed to make human images…so repeated
geometric patterns to form arabesques
• palaces: constructed with huge fortifications
– borrowed by Europeans for castles
Mosque
Art & Architecture
Preservation of Knowledge
• preserved numerical system from Ancient India
• created algebra & navigational tools
• separated the study of medicine from the other
sciences
• Ibn-Khaldun: historian, who saw history as
being cyclical (always repeats itself)
After Mohammed’s Death
• no clear successor
• Abu Bakr became caliph
– Islamic leader/Mohammed’s successor
• took over Arabian Peninsula (jihad)
– conquered Syria, Egypt, old Persian Empire
• Abu Bakr’s death: series of caliphs
Spread of Islam
Umayyad Dynasty: 661-750 AD
Umayyad Dynasty
• moved capital to Damascus, Syria
• marched across N. Africa & into Europe
–
–
–
–
700 AD: conquered Berbers
710 AD: crossed Gibraltar into Spain
725 AD: controlled Spain w/ capital at Cordoba
732 AD: defeated by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours
(France)
• built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (on the
Temple Mount: site of Solomon’s Temple)
• people felt Umayyads showed excessive favoritism
– led to downfall of dynasty
Battle of Tours
Creation of the Islamic Empire
Islamic World
Split in Islam
• Hussein led revolt against Umayyad rulers
– outnumbered & defeated but led to split in Islam
– Shiite Muslims
• only descendents of Ali: true leaders of Islam (imams)
• mostly in Iran & Iraq
– Sunni Muslims:
• believe leader should be chosen by council
• majority of Muslims worldwide
Seljuk Turks
• conquered eastern Arab
world by the 11th Century
• 1055 AD: took over
Baghdad & proclaimed
their ruler, the sultan:
holder of power
• 1071 AD: defeated the
Byzantines to take over
Asia Minor
prophet
deity
belief in 1 god
the 5
Pillars
Areas where Islam
has spread?
ISLAM
holy book
followers
Islam & the Early Arab World
Directions: Fill in the following boxes using your textbook.
Sunni beliefs:
Shiite/Shia beliefs:
Islamic Beliefs/Practices
Umayyad Dynasty
Contact with Christians/Europeans
Islamic Achievements
Islam & the early Arab World
Directions: Put the following terms/people/events in the correct box.
Islamic Beliefs/Practices
Umayyad Dynasty
•following the 5 Pillars of Islam
•not drinking
•polygamous: having up to 4 wives
•women = modest
•read the Quran in Arabic
•expanded Islam across Northern Africa & into
Europe
Contact with Christians/Europeans
Islamic Achievements
•invasion of Constantinople
•Crusades in Middle East (Jerusalem)
•invasion/occupation of Spain
•Battle of Tours (France)
•numerical system of Ancient India
•medical knowledge
•algebra
•navigational tools (astrolabe)
The Crusades
Crusades: 11th-13th Centuries
• military expeditions: European Christians (Roman
Catholics) trying to recapture Jerusalem in the Holy
Land from the Muslims
• Pope Urban II: saw the Byzantine request for help as
his excuse to take power
– preached importance of the 1st Crusade: 1095 AD
• most warriors were French…religious zeal, but also
wanted wealth, glory, power, bloodlust etc.
• 1st Crusade: 1095-1099 AD…bloody fighting, but the
Christians conquer Jerusalem & Antioch
• set up 4 Crusader kingdoms, creating great trade
opportunity for Venice, Genoa, etc.
• 2nd Crusade: Muslims rebuilt power, attacked &
retook all the land, Christians won in the 1st Crusade
3rd Crusade (~1189 AD)
• European Leaders:
– Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire)
– Richard I (England)
– Phillip II (France)
• big problems:
– Frederick Barbarossa drowned
– Phillip II returned to France
– Richard I negotiated peace
• Saladin: Muslim leader…great warrior, who
was very merciful
– Richard I & Saladin had great respect for one another
3rd Crusade: Acre
Crusades (ctnd.)
• 4th Crusade: Pope Innocent III calls for another
crusade, with serious backing of Venetian merchants
• instead of helping the Byzantium Empire, the
Crusaders sack Constantinople
• Byzantines regained control of city: 1261 AD
• Children’s Crusade to Rome…sent home
• Effects of Crusades:
– kings took land from knights who did not return
– greater trading power to Venice & other Italian
city-states
– widespread persecution of Jews in Europe (antiSemitism)
– extensive knowledge of Muslim culture in Europe
In-Class Assessment
1. Who is the founder of Islam & what city is he
from?
2. List the 5 Pillars of Islam.
3. Muslim houses of worship are called _______
& the towers attached are called __________.
4. What were the Crusades?
5. Why were the Crusades controversial when
analyzing them from the Christian viewpoint?