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RISE OF ISLAM Where did Islam emerge? Arabian Peninsula – it is the fastest growing world religion today Arabs or Muslims? Today, most Muslims are NOT Arabs. Arabs are an ethnic group whose primary language is Arabic. Although the majority of Muslims are not Arabs, most Arabs are Muslim (some Arabs are Christian) How did most Arabs make their living? Nomadic herders and merchants were the norm Important towns in Arabia Mecca Yathrib which will eventually become Medina MECCA Center of trade Why was Mecca important to early Arabs? Mecca benefitted from a constant flow of pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba (sacred shrine that housed the images of the many Arab gods) MUHAMMAD What is the approximate birth date of Muhammad? 570 AD – born in Mecca Worked as a trader/caravan driver (was employed by an older widow Khadija) What event prompted Muhammad to “proclaim” or preach about one God? God spoke to him through the angel Gabriel who told him to proclaim the belief of one God MUHAMMAD Why did Muhammad initially have such a difficult time trying to convert Arabs? People were afraid that if they gave up their traditional gods, the profitable pilgrim traffic to Mecca would end MUHAMMAD Where did Muhammad go in 622 and why did he go there? He was forced to leave Mecca; went to Yathrib where he was respected as a leader Yathrib MEDINA The city of Yathrib was changed to Medina. What does Medina mean? City of the prophet HIJRA What is the Hijra? The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina; marked the beginning of the expansion of Islam. It marks the first year of the Muslim calendar. 630 AD What major events occurred in 630? Muhammad returned to Mecca with his army captured the city What does Islam mean? Submission Muslim (one who submits) Five Pillars of Islam Proclaim belief in one God and accept that God revealed his message to Muhammad Five Pillars of Islam Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca Five Pillars of Islam Almsgiving – charity to the poor and aged Five Pillars of Islam Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Ninth month of the Muslim year. Believed to be the month the Koran was revealed to Muhammad Ramadan -- continued At the end of the month, Muslims celebrate Eid-al-Fitr (time of rejoicing) Five Pillars of Islam Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca hajj - -continued “People of the Book” #12 Jews & Christians are supposed to be treated with respect & tolerance. Why? Jews & Christians believe in the one universal God (God of Abraham). When the early Muslims start to conquer areas, they generally allow Jews & Christians to continue their religious beliefs/practices. Mosques - interior Mosques - interior minarets muezzin mihrab minbar khutba Islam #8 Muhammad is considered to be a prophet, the last in a line of prophets sent by God from the beginning of time (Abraham, Moses, & Jesus). All preached the belief one universal God. Due to human error, the message was often diluted or misinterpreted --- God sends another prophet. Koran #9 Sacred book of Islam It is the final authority on all subjects including: religion, politics, law, economic and social life How did Arabic become the universal language of Islam? Koran is written in Arabic and Muslims were forbidden to translate it from Arabic Koran People of the Book – accepted Jewish and Christian scriptures as God’s word Ethics – honor thy parents, be honest and kind, protect the weak and helpless, all believers are equal Sharia #13 • Islamic law • Traditional punishments are severe for some crimes Examples --- stealing, prostitution, adultery NOTE: some countries have sharia as a part of their national laws and some do not. It depends on the make-up of their government/judicial system. Malala Yousafzai Expansion of Islam After Muhammad’s death – spread rapidly Reasons for Success Arab armies were united by their beliefs Jihad – holy war Some people converted to avoid a nonbelievers tax Some people looked on the Arabs as liberators Found the message of Islam appealing Shiite celebration of Ashura Celebration of the martyrdom of Husayn. Divisions within Islam Sunni – believed that any devout Muslim could become a caliph (successor to the prophet) Shiite – only descendants of Ali (cousin of Muhammad) could become a caliph ISLAM SUNNI 90% SHIITE Sunni – Shiite divide Sunnis are the majority branch (90%) and found throughout the Muslim world. Iraq Islamic Art & Architecture Mosques and minarets are the premier forms of Islamic architecture. Islamic Art & Architecture Statues and paintings depicting living images are forbidden in mosques. Mosque interiors appear empty. No chairs. Why? Islam stresses the simplicity of worship. Islamic Art and Architecture Mosques and other building in the Islamic world are often decorated with mosaics with geometrical designs. Islamic Art and Architecture Korans and Arabic writing are often decorated with calligraphy. Dome of the Rock The Alhambra --- Granada, Spain Mazquita Mosque – Cordoba, Spain Taj Mahal --- India Prophet’s Mosque - Medina Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) First Muslim empire (ruled by the caliphs) based in Damascus, Syria. It’s exclusion of non-Arab Muslims from leadership led to rebellions and the overthrow of the dynasty. Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258) Based in Baghdad, this dynasty (led by caliphs) oversaw Islam’s “Golden Age.” Jerusalem Holy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims Muslims – location of the Dome of the Rock Paradise Eternal peace with God Sabbath Friday is the day for religious gatherings. Ideas about Death A few simple prayers are read and the body is wrapped in a white sheet for burial. Sunna or Sunnah “Right Path” -- Muslim customs & beliefs derived from Muhammad’s life (his way of living). Hadith The written account of the Sunnah. imam For Shiites, there were only 12 Imams (doctrine of the Imamate). For Sunnis, a leader of a mosque is known as a imam. (Religious leader/scholar) Imamate The Shiite belief in the 12 legitimate leaders of the faith and the return of the Hidden Imam at the Day of Judgment. ayatollahs “Sign of God” --- title of Shiite religious scholars/leaders. They are revered. mullah Religious scholars who staff and lead mosques. The term is usually used by Shiites AND nonArab Sunnis. What should I study? Rise of Islam Study Guide Selected Verses of the Koran (questions) Islamic law article/questions (main ideas) Women in Islam article/questions (main ideas) The Mosque (terms on back) Expansion of Islam notes/Sunni Shiite divide Islamic art and architecture/Additional Vocab Golden Age of Islam --- 3 column chart Vocab review sheet