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Warm-up- 8 minutes Which type of boundary creates new lithosphere/oceanic crust? 2) Which type of boundary is associated with mountains and volcanoes? 3) This boundary neither creates nor destroys plates. 4) Stephen is visiting the mountains in Colorado. What type of tectonic plate boundary is Stephen near? Answer in complete sentences. 1) What is an Earthquake? Vibration of earth caused by rapid release of energy. Transform plate boundaries produce earthquakes What is a focus? The point beneath the Earth’s surface where rock under stress breaks to cause an earthquake. What is an epicenter? The point on the surface directly above the focus. The farther the distance between the focus and the epicenter, the weaker the earthquake. Therefore, the closer the focus is to the surface, the stronger the earthquake. Distance from Focus to Epicenter What is a fault? It is the break in the crust where the earthquake began, between two blocks of rock that have moved past each other. Question A What is the primary cause of earthquake activity? 1. Lowering of aquifer levels 2. Mining activity in the 19th century 3. Interaction of tides with the coast 4. Plates grinding past each other along fault lines Question B The area in which an earthquake starts, or where rocks begin to break, is the 1. Breaks in the Earth’s lithosphere 2. Focus 3. Epicenter 4. Hot spots 3 Types of Faults Normal Reverse Strike-slip When the hanging wall drops down. When hanging wall moves up. Walls move sideways Creates forces that Creates pull the sides apart compressional forces. Horizontal forces 12 Question C A reverse fault occurs when 1. The land is thrust UP 2. The land is dropped DOWN 3. The land slides past another piece of land 4. There is a convergent boundary in play What are seismic waves? Seismic waves are the waves (vibrations) caused by earthquakes During an earthquake, vibrations called seismic wave move out from the focus in all directions similar to the ripples created by a pebble in a pond. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake away from the focus, through the Earth’s interior, and across the surface. What are the three types of seismic waves? Primary waves (P waves) Secondary Waves (S waves) Surface waves (L waves) Describe a P wave. Travel the fastest Travel solids, liquids, and gases Move through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the density Called “push-pull” waves (compress and expand the ground like an accordion) Describe an S wave. Arrive at a given point after the P waves Travel only through solids Move through solids at different speeds depending on the density Cause rock particles to move from side to side & up and down Describe a L wave. Slowest of the seismic waves Move along the Earth’s surface like waves travel in the ocean Cause most of the damage during an earthquake When the P & S waves reach the surface, they move more slowly creating the most severe ground movements. Question D In order from most destructive to least destructive, name the different waves that are associated with earthquakes 1. Surface (L), s-wave, p-wave 2. P-wave, s-wave, surface (L) 3. Surface wave, p-wave, s-wave 4. S-wave, p-wave, surface (L) Guided Practice- 15 minutes Using your notes, you will make a foldable of fault lines and seismic waves. 1. One the front describe AND draw each type of fault line. 2. On the back, describe AND draw each type of seismic wave. I will walk around and record participation grades 3 Types of Faults Normal Reverse Strike-slip When the hanging wall drops down. When hanging wall moves up. Walls move sideways Creates forces that Creates pull the sides apart compressional forces. Horizontal forces Seismographs are used by scientist to detect, measure & record the vibrations of seismic waves. An earthquake’s magnitude is a measurement of its strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Gbd1FcuLJLQ What are 3 rating scales used to measure an earthquake? Mercalli scale – This scale rates earthquakes by describing their effects on people, buildings, and the land surface in a given location. Richter scale This scale rates earthquakes according to the size of seismic waves as measured by the seismograph. Moment Magnitude scale This scale rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy they release. The moment magnitude scale can be used to measure earthquakes of all sizes, near or far! How do scientists determine the location of an earthquake’s epicenter? When an earthquake strikes, P waves are the first to arrive at a seismograph followed by the S waves. The farther away the epicenter is, the greater the difference between the two arrival times. This difference in time tells scientists how far the seismograph is from the epicenter. This information is then used to plot a circle on a map. The circle shows the distance from one seismograph station to all points where the epicenter could be located. . To determine the exact location of the epicenter, at least THREE stations need to find their distance from the epicenter and draw a circle on a map The single point where the 3 circles intersect is the location of the earthquake’s epicenter. In the Additional Notes section of your Guided Notes, write down a brief COMPLETE SENTENCE summary of today’s lesson (3-5 sentences). What are the main points that you would need to teach to an absent student? Pen Pal Letter- 25 min 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Write a letter to a friend (real or imaginary) about what earthquakes are and how they are formed. In your letter, you must include the words below. Be sure to circle these words so that I can identify them. Earthquakes (define them) Transform boundaries Focus Epicenter Fault lines (describe all 3 types and describe each) Seismic waves (identify and describe all 3) Earthquake Pen Pal Letter, By Your name Dear Liz, I learned about Earthquakes in Earth Science class today. Earthquakes are vibrations on the Earth’s surface caused by rapid release of energy. They are formed at transform boundaries. Etc. Sincerely, Dr. Cao Exit Ticket Draw the three types of faults (normal, reverse, and strikeslip). What happens at each fault?