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5 Themes of Geography
a. What is it like?
b. Where is it?
c. How do people relate to
the physical world?
d. How do people, goods,
& ideas move from one
place to another?
e. How are places similar
or different
a. Place
b. Location
c. Human/Environment
Interaction
d. Movement
e. Region
Latitude
&
Longitude
Hemispheres
90 º North
(º North, º West) (º North, º East)
Equator
West
180 º
East
180 º
(º South, º West) (º South, º East)
90 º
Prime
Meridian
South
Absolute City Locations
•
•
•
•
23º N, 90º E
46º N, 76º W
4º N, 74º W
35º S, 149º E
•
•
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•
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ottawa, Canada
Bogotá, Colombia
Canberra, Australia
Absolute City Locations
•
•
•
•
33º N, 44º E
52º N, 0º
7º N, 80º E
35º S, 59º W
•
•
•
•
Baghdad, Iraq
London, England, UK
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Time Zones
• Degrees around world?
• 360
• Hours in a day?
• 24
• # of degrees per time
zone?
=
• 15
Map Distortions
1.The extent of space
between two objects or
places; an intervening
space
2. The position of one point
in relation to another
3. A form or condition in
which something may
exist or appear
4. A roughly bounded part of
the space on a surface; a
region
1. Distance
2. Direction
3. Shape
4. Size/Area
Map Elements
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shows Direction
Explains Content
Shows Distance
Explains Subject
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compass Rose
Legend/Key
Scale
Title
Topographic Maps
• Map showing the relief features of the
earth’s surface
– Variation, or difference in elevation of an area
• Contour Interval
– Difference in elevation between two contour
200
lines
240
Important Lines of Latitude
Arctic Circle
66½°N
Tropic of Cancer 23½°N
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
0°
23½°S
Antarctic Circle
66½°S
Prevailing Winds
Polar Easterlies
Westerlies
Pressures
High latitudes
Middle Latitudes
Northeasterly
Trade Winds
Low Latitudes
Southeasterly
Trade Winds
Low Latitudes
Westerlies
Polar Easterlies
Middle Latitudes
High latitudes
Polar High
Sub Polar
Low
Subtropical
High
Equatorial
Low
Subtropical
High
Sub Polar
Low
Polar High
The Earth’s Structure
Inside The Earth
The Crust
The Mantle
Inner Core
Outer Core
Plate Behaviors
1. Plates move towards
each other
2. Plates move away
from each other
3. Plates moving past
and against each
other
1. Convergent
Subduction & Collision
2. Divergent (Spreading)
3. Translation
Climates
• Vernon Hills
•
• Amazon Rainforest •
• Five Factors:
•
•
•
•
•
• Determined by
•
Elevation
Humid Continental
Tropical Wet/Humid Tropical
Latitude
Ocean Currents
Wind Currents
Topography (Rain Shadow)
Elevation
Highland
Culture
• A new way of doing
something
• A culture changes
through its meeting
with another culture
• The spread of an idea
or culture trait
• Belief that one’s own
ethnic group is
superior
• Innovation
• Acculturation
• Diffusion
• Ethnocentrism
R&D
Stairway to
Economic Stability
Ser.
Ind.
C.F.
S.F.
H&G
Primary
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
T
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
Mang.
Q
u
a
t
e
r
n
a
r
y
Developed vs. Developing
DEVELOPED
• Urban
• Service (Tertiary)
based economy
• Strong Infrastructure
• Low Growth Rate
• Middle Class
•
•
•
•
•
DEVELOPING
Urbanizing (Rural ->
Cities)
Agricultural (Primary)
Base economy
Poor infrastructure
High Growth Rate
Income Gap
Age-Sex Pyramids
World Population
• Why is the earth’s population increasing
the same amount each year despite a
falling growth rate?
– Exponential Growth (7 Billion)
Types of Economies
• Market Economy (Capitalism)
– Consumers determine prices & production
– Supply & Demand
• Command Economy (Communism)
– Gov’t determines prices & production
• Mixed Economy (Socialism)
– Aspects of both, gov’t control’s some industries
Spheres of the Earth
• All water on the earth
• All land including
ocean basins
• All air surrounding the
earth
• All life on earth
• Hydrosphere
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Biosphere
Layers of the Earth
TOP SOIL
SUB-SOIL
WEATHERED
ROCK
SOLID ROCK
Hydrologic Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation/Transpiration
Landforms
• Thin piece of land
connecting two larger
pieces
• Thin piece of water
connecting two larger
bodies
• Piece of land
surrounded by water
on three sides
• Chain of Islands
• Isthmus
• Strait
• Peninsula
• Archipelago
Deforestation
• Causes
– Subsistence
Farmers
– Slash & Burn
– Commercial
Logging
– Livestock Grazing
– Roads (Fishbone)
• Effects
– Global Carbon Cycle
– Global Warming
– Extinct Species
(50%)
– Medical losses
Political Instability
Spanish
Rule
Independence
Oligarchy
Junta
Democracy
Simon Bolivar – Led many independence movements
Oligarchy – Rule by the few
Junta – Military Leaders (Caudillo – strong man)
Coup – Government Takeover
Guerrillas – Paramilitary forces