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Super continent Extinct American Volcano List 1 Be aware: there are more Mantle . The portion of the earth, about 1800 mi. (2900 km) thick, between the crust and the core. Alfred Wegner • He is most notable for his theory of continental drift (Kontinentalverschiebung), proposed in 1912, which hypothesized that the continents were slowly drifting around the Earth. However, Wegener was unable to demonstrate a mechanism for continental drift, which, combined with his mostly circumstantial evidence, meant that his hypothesis was not accepted until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries provided evidence of continental drift.[1][2] Boundaries Convection Currents Lithosphere • The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet. It comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years Mantle • The mantle is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a rocky shell about 2,890 km (1,800 mi) thick[1] that constitutes about 84 percent of Earth's volume.[ Ocean Rift Pangea • was the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the component continents were separated into their current configuration.[2] • The name was coined in the scientific discussion of Alfred Wegener's theory of the Continental drift. In his book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" (Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane) he postulated that all the continents had at one time formed a single supercontinent which he called the "Urkontinent", before later breaking up and drifting to their present locations. The term Pangaea appeared in 1928 during a symposium to discuss Alfred Wegener's theory.[3] Pangea Pangea Ridge • general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. This type of oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is known as an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreadin Ridge Sea Floor Spreading Subduction Ocean Trench • A deep-sea trench is a narrow, elongate, vshaped depression in the ocean floor. Trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean, and the lowest points on Earth, reaching depths of nearly 7 mi (10 km) below sea level. These long, narrow, curving depressions can be thousands of miles in length, yet as little as 5 mi (8 km) in width. Deep-sea trenches are part of a system of tectonic processes termed subduction. Subduction zones are one type of convergent plate Volcano(es) • Composite Volcanoes (also called strato volcanoes), • Shield Volcanoes (also called shields), • Cinder Cones, Volcanoes • Volcanic ash is a volcanic rock which is exploded from a vent in fragments less than 2mm in size. Volcanic ash-particles are like small sharp glass-particles that damage anything they come across. Core • the central portion of the earth, having a radius of about 2100 mi. (3379 km) and believed to be composed mainly of iron and nickel in a molten state. Earth’s Plate (crust) • the outer layer of the earth, about 22 mi. (35 km) deep under the continents and 6 mi. (10 km) deep under the oceans. Fault • Fracture that occurs when rocks change shape by breaking; can form as a result of compression (reverse fault), being pulled apart (normal fault), or shear (strikeslip fault) Convergent Fault • When two plates come together, the result is a convergent fault Divergent Fault • A divergent fault occurs when two plates are moving away from each other. Slide-Past Fault • A fault that occurs when two plates slide past each other is known as a slide-past fault. Igneous Rock • Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth's surface, or at its surface, as lava. Metamorphic Rock • Forms when heat, pressure, or fluids act on igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock and affect its form or composition, or both Sedimentary Rock • Forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together or when minerals come out of solution or are left behind by evaporation How boring is this Rock Cycle (yippee….not) • the process by which rocks are formed, altered, destroyed, and reformed by geological processes and which is recurrent, returning to a starting point Richter Scale • A logarithmic scale used to express the total amount of energy released by an earthquake. Its values typically fall between 0 and 9, with each increase of 1 representing a 10-fold increase in energy. Earthquake (boom!) • A sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere (its crust and upper mantle). Earthquakes are caused by the release of built-up stress within rocks along geologic faults or by the movement of magma in volcanic areas. They are usually followed by aftershocks. Magma • The molten rock material that originates under the Earth's crust. Lava • the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent. Foliated Rock • Metamorphic rock, such as slate and gneiss, whose mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers Non-foliated rock • Metamorphic rock, such as quartzite and mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers Intrusive • having been forced between preexisting rocks or rock layers while in a molten or plastic condition. Extrusive • igneous rocks that have been forced out in a molten or plastic condition upon the surface of the earth and cools quickly. • The condition of being full to or beyond satisfaction • The molten rock material that originates under the Earth's crust • A logarithmic scale used to express the total amount of energy released by an earthquake. Its values typically fall between 0 and 9, with each increase of 1 representing a 10-fold increase in energy • igneous rocks that have been forced out in a molten or plastic condition upon the surface of the earth and cools quickly. • Metamorphic rock, such as quartzite and mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers • A divergent fault occurs when two plates are moving away from each other. • the outer layer of the earth, about 22 mi. (35 km) deep under the continents and 6 mi. (10 km) deep under the oceans. • Forms when heat, pressure, or fluids act on igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock and affect its form or composition, or both • having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through • the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors • a tract of low wet land, often treeless and periodically inundated, generally characterized by a growth of grasses, sedges, cattails, and rushes. The portion of the earth, about 1800 mi. (2900 km) thick, between the crust and the core. • Forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together or when minerals come out of solution or are left behind by evaporation • When two plates come together, the result is a convergent fault • Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth's surface, or at its surface, as lava. • Metamorphic rock, such as slate and gneiss, whose mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers • having been forced between preexisting rocks or rock layers while in a molten or plastic condition • the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent. • the process by which rocks are formed, altered, destroyed, and reformed by geological processes and which is recurrent, returning to a starting point • An underground layer of permeable rock, sediment (usually sand or gravel), or soil that yields water. The pore spaces in aquifers are filled with water and are interconnected, so that water flows through them • Fracture that occurs when rocks change shape by breaking; can form as a result of compression (reverse fault), being pulled apart (normal fault), or shear (strike-slip fault) • A fault that occurs when two plates slide past each other is known as a slide-past fault. • A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost. • A sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere (its crust and upper mantle). Earthquakes are caused by the release of built-up stress within rocks along geologic faults or by the movement of magma in volcanic areas. They are usually followed by aftershocks • the water beneath the surface of the ground, consisting largely of surface water that has seeped down: the source of water in springs and wells. • the central portion of the earth, having a radius of about 2100 mi. (3379 km) and believed to be composed mainly of iron and nickel in a molten state. Dedicated By Yours Truly Rebecca Jeanne Arbuthnot The daughter of: Gregg Arbuthnot HAVE A NICE DAY