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Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
4.1 Earth’s Interior
4.2 Convection and the Mantle
4.3 Drifting Continents
4.4 Sea-Floor Spreading
4.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
1. What is Earth’s major source of energy?
a. the Sun.
b. the Moon.
c. rocks.
d. gravity.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
1. What is Earth’s major source of energy?
a. the Sun.
b. the Moon.
c. rocks.
d. gravity.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
2. A feature of Earth’s surface with high elevation and
high relief is a(n)
a. plain.
b. mountain.
c. ocean.
d. plateau.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
2. A feature of Earth’s surface with high elevation and
high relief is a(n)
a. plain.
b. mountain.
c. ocean.
d. plateau.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
3. An inorganic solid made of one or more minerals is a(n)
a. mineral.
b. rock.
c. landform.
d. element.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
3. An inorganic solid made of one or more minerals is a(n)
a. mineral.
b. rock.
c. landform.
d. element.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
4. A map is a(n)
a. feature of Earth’s surface.
b. way of learning about the natural world.
c. area of low elevation.
d. model of Earth.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter Preview Questions
4. A map is a(n)
a. feature of Earth’s surface.
b. way of learning about the natural world.
c. area of low elevation.
d. model of Earth.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Use Greek Word Origins
Word
asthenes
Meaning
weak
Examples
asthenosphere
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Use Greek Word Origins
Word
litho-
Meaning
stone
Examples
lithosphere
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Use Greek Word Origins
Word
seismos
Meaning
earthquake
Examples
seismic
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Use Greek Word Origins
Word
sphaira
Meaning
sphere
Examples
lithosphere
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Use Greek Word Origins
Word
tektón
Meaning
carpenter, builder
Examples
tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Apply It!
Review the Greek roots and meanings in the chart. Then predict the
meaning of seismic waves. As you read, revise your definition as needed.
Use these Greek words to help you figure out unfamiliar words in
this chapter.
Sample: Because seismos means “earthquake,” I can infer that seismic
waves are caused by earthquakes.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
What are Earth’s
plates, and how do
their movements
change our planet’s
surface?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
What are Earth’s plates, and how do their movements
change our planet’s surface?
Imagine knocking a hardboiled
egg against a table so that the
shell cracks in several places.
Then suppose that you slice the
egg in half to make a cross
section of the shell, egg white,
and yolk. Explain how your
sliced egg with the cracked
shell can serve as a model of
Earth.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 1:
Earth’s Interior
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain how geologists learn
about Earth’s inner structures.
You will be able to identify the characteristics of
Earth’s crust, mantle, and core.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 1:
Earth’s Interior
California Standard
6.1.b Students know Earth is composed of several
layers: a cold, brittle lithosphere; a hot, convecting
mantle; and a dense metallic core.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 1:
Earth’s Interior
How have geologists learned about Earth’s
inner structure?
What are the characteristics of Earth’s
crust, mantle, and core?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: the
crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the
inner core.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: the
crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the
inner core.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Quick Facts
•5-40 km thick
•5-70 km thick beneath
mountains
•Thickest under mountains;
thinnest under the ocean
•Continental (land) mostly granite
•Oceanic (ocean floor) mostly
basalt
The Crust is Earth’s outer skin and it includes
both dry land and the ocean floor.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Quick Facts
•Nearly 3,000 km thick
•Temperature: 870ºC – 4,400ºC
•Solid layer but the rock gets
soft like bread as you travel down
•Lithosphere is rock hard
•Asthenosphere is very hot and
rock becomes soft like bread
•Convection currents move
molten rock in cycles
The Mantle is Earth’s first inner layer made
up of three sub-layers: the lithosphere, the
asthenosphere, and the lower mantle.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Quick Facts
•Nearly 2,300 km thick
•Temperature: 4,400ºC – 6,100ºC
•Liquid layer
•Convection currents move
molten rock in cycles
•Movement of liquid believed to
create Earth’s magnetic field
(poles)
The Outer Core is Earth’s liquid layer made up
of iron and nickel.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Quick Facts
•Nearly 1,200 km thick
•Temperature: 6,100ºC – 7,000ºC
•Solid layer made of metal
•Extreme pressure from other
layers pushes down on inner layer
and squeezes it solid
The Inner Core is Earth’s innermost solid
layer made up of iron and nickel.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Identify the vocabulary term featured in
these animations. Define the term in your own
words. Share your definition with your table.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Identify each layer of the Earth. Compare the layers
with at least two similarities. Contrast the layers with
at least two differences. Share your findings with
your table.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Compare the lithosphere and asthenosphere layers with
at least two similarities. Contrast the layers with at
least two differences. Share your findings with your
table.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Explain how earthquakes and seismic waves are
related? Why do earthquakes occur? Share your
findings with your table.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Name the layers in
order from the surface
to the center of the
earth.
Compare the layers
with at least two
similarities.
Contrast the layers
with at least two
differences. Share your
findings with your table.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
List Earth’s four
main layers.
Describe two of
them.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 2:
Convection and the Mantle
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain how heat is
transferred.
You will be able to identify what causes
convection currents.
You will be able to describe convection currents
in Earth’s mantle.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 2:
Convection and the Mantle
California Standard
6.4.c Students know heat from Earth’s interior
reaches the surface primarily through convection.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 2:
Convection and
the Mantle
How is heat transferred?
What causes convection currents?
What causes convection currents in Earth’s
mantle?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
There are three ways in which heat can
transfer: radiation, conduction, and
convection.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Radiation is the transfer of energy through space.
3 types of heat transfer: radiation, conduction, and
convection
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Radiation
Radiation is heat transferred with no direct contact
between the objects. Heat energy is transferred
through space.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Conduction
Conduction is heat transferred by direct contact/touch
between objects.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Convection
Convection is heat transferred through gases or
liquids.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Convection currents rise
and sink through the mantle
and liquid outer core.
What part of Earth’s
interior is like the soup in
the pot?
What part is like the
burner on the stove?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Density measures how much mass is in the volume of a
substance (how much “stuff” is packed into an object).
***Can you order these items from least to greatest
densities?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Convection currents is the heating and cooling of a
liquid. Differences in density and the force of gravity
causes motion in the liquid.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
List the three types
of heat transfer.
Explain all three.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 3:
Drifting Continents
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain Alfred Wegener’s
hypothesis about the continents.
You will be able to list the evidence used by
Wegener’s to support his hypothesis.
You will be able to explain why other scientist of
Wegener’s time rejected his hypothesis.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 3:
Drifting Continents
California Standard
6.1.a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is
derived from the fit of the continents; the location of
earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges; and the
distribution of fossils, rock types and ancient climatic
zones.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 3:
Drifting Continents
What was Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis
about the continents?
What evidence supported Wegener’s
hypothesis?
Why was Wegener’s hypothesis rejected by
most scientists of his day?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift is the idea that our
continents were once joined and have since
drifted apart.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Pangaea was the supercontinent that existed about 300
million years ago before the continents drifted apart.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift is the idea that continents move
slowly over Earth’s surface.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who first introduced
the idea of Pangaea and Continental Drift.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Wegener used three pieces of
evidence to help explain and
support his idea of Continental
Drift:
Land features
Fossils
Climate
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Evidence of Land
Features
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Evidence from Fossils
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Evidence from Ancient
Climatic Zones
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Click the Video button to watch a movie
about mantle convections.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
What evidence
supported the
hypothesis of
continental drift?
Explain one.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 4:
Sea-Floor Spreading
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain the process of seafloor spreading.
You will be able to list the evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
You will be able to describe the process of
subduction at deep-ocean trenches.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 4:
Sea-Floor Spreading
California Standard
6.1.a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is
derived from the fit of the continents; the location of
earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges; and the
distribution of fossils, rock types and ancient climatic
zones.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 4:
Sea-Floor Spreading
What is the process of sea-floor spreading?
What is the evidence for sea-floor
spreading?
What happens at deep-ocean trenches?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Sea-Floor Spreading
Click the Video button to watch a movie
about sea-floor spreading.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Sonar
The mid-ocean ridge system is more than 50,000 kilometers
(km) long.
What is unusual about Iceland?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
What happens to
the rock along the
ridge when new
molten material
erupts?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Evidence
Molten Material
Magnetic Stripes
Drilling Samples
How are these matching stripes evidence of sea-floor
spreading?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Where would the
densest ocean
floor be found?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Because of sea-floor spreading, the distance between Europe
and North America is increasing by a few centimeters per
year.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Describe the
process of seafloor spreading.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 5:
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain the theory of plate
tectonics.
You will be able to describe the three types of
plate boundaries.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 5:
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
California Standard
6.1.c Students know lithospheric plates the size of
continents and oceans move at rates of centimeters per
year in response to movements in the mantle.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Section 5:
The Theory of
Plate Tectonics
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What are the three types of plate
boundaries?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
The theory of Plate Tectonics is the idea that
our continents move slowly in different
directions.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation,
movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
There are 3 kinds of plate boundaries: spreading boundaries,
colliding boundaries, and sliding boundaries. This causes the
plates to move differently at each boundary.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Plate Motions Over Time
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about continental drift.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
List the three
kinds of plate
boundaries.
Describe each.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Quick Take Quiz
Click to start quiz.
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics
Practice Test!
Click to start
practice test!