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Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Table of Contents Chapter Preview 4.1 Earth’s Interior 4.2 Convection and the Mantle 4.3 Drifting Continents 4.4 Sea-Floor Spreading 4.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 1. What is Earth’s major source of energy? a. the Sun. b. the Moon. c. rocks. d. gravity. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 1. What is Earth’s major source of energy? a. the Sun. b. the Moon. c. rocks. d. gravity. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 2. A feature of Earth’s surface with high elevation and high relief is a(n) a. plain. b. mountain. c. ocean. d. plateau. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 2. A feature of Earth’s surface with high elevation and high relief is a(n) a. plain. b. mountain. c. ocean. d. plateau. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 3. An inorganic solid made of one or more minerals is a(n) a. mineral. b. rock. c. landform. d. element. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 3. An inorganic solid made of one or more minerals is a(n) a. mineral. b. rock. c. landform. d. element. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 4. A map is a(n) a. feature of Earth’s surface. b. way of learning about the natural world. c. area of low elevation. d. model of Earth. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter Preview Questions 4. A map is a(n) a. feature of Earth’s surface. b. way of learning about the natural world. c. area of low elevation. d. model of Earth. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Use Greek Word Origins Word asthenes Meaning weak Examples asthenosphere Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Use Greek Word Origins Word litho- Meaning stone Examples lithosphere Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Use Greek Word Origins Word seismos Meaning earthquake Examples seismic Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Use Greek Word Origins Word sphaira Meaning sphere Examples lithosphere Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Use Greek Word Origins Word tektón Meaning carpenter, builder Examples tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Apply It! Review the Greek roots and meanings in the chart. Then predict the meaning of seismic waves. As you read, revise your definition as needed. Use these Greek words to help you figure out unfamiliar words in this chapter. Sample: Because seismos means “earthquake,” I can infer that seismic waves are caused by earthquakes. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics End of Chapter Preview Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics What are Earth’s plates, and how do their movements change our planet’s surface? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics What are Earth’s plates, and how do their movements change our planet’s surface? Imagine knocking a hardboiled egg against a table so that the shell cracks in several places. Then suppose that you slice the egg in half to make a cross section of the shell, egg white, and yolk. Explain how your sliced egg with the cracked shell can serve as a model of Earth. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 1: Earth’s Interior Lesson Objectives You will be able to explain how geologists learn about Earth’s inner structures. You will be able to identify the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 1: Earth’s Interior California Standard 6.1.b Students know Earth is composed of several layers: a cold, brittle lithosphere; a hot, convecting mantle; and a dense metallic core. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 1: Earth’s Interior How have geologists learned about Earth’s inner structure? What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Quick Facts •5-40 km thick •5-70 km thick beneath mountains •Thickest under mountains; thinnest under the ocean •Continental (land) mostly granite •Oceanic (ocean floor) mostly basalt The Crust is Earth’s outer skin and it includes both dry land and the ocean floor. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Quick Facts •Nearly 3,000 km thick •Temperature: 870ºC – 4,400ºC •Solid layer but the rock gets soft like bread as you travel down •Lithosphere is rock hard •Asthenosphere is very hot and rock becomes soft like bread •Convection currents move molten rock in cycles The Mantle is Earth’s first inner layer made up of three sub-layers: the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, and the lower mantle. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Quick Facts •Nearly 2,300 km thick •Temperature: 4,400ºC – 6,100ºC •Liquid layer •Convection currents move molten rock in cycles •Movement of liquid believed to create Earth’s magnetic field (poles) The Outer Core is Earth’s liquid layer made up of iron and nickel. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Quick Facts •Nearly 1,200 km thick •Temperature: 6,100ºC – 7,000ºC •Solid layer made of metal •Extreme pressure from other layers pushes down on inner layer and squeezes it solid The Inner Core is Earth’s innermost solid layer made up of iron and nickel. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Identify the vocabulary term featured in these animations. Define the term in your own words. Share your definition with your table. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Identify each layer of the Earth. Compare the layers with at least two similarities. Contrast the layers with at least two differences. Share your findings with your table. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Compare the lithosphere and asthenosphere layers with at least two similarities. Contrast the layers with at least two differences. Share your findings with your table. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Explain how earthquakes and seismic waves are related? Why do earthquakes occur? Share your findings with your table. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Name the layers in order from the surface to the center of the earth. Compare the layers with at least two similarities. Contrast the layers with at least two differences. Share your findings with your table. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics List Earth’s four main layers. Describe two of them. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 2: Convection and the Mantle Lesson Objectives You will be able to explain how heat is transferred. You will be able to identify what causes convection currents. You will be able to describe convection currents in Earth’s mantle. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 2: Convection and the Mantle California Standard 6.4.c Students know heat from Earth’s interior reaches the surface primarily through convection. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 2: Convection and the Mantle How is heat transferred? What causes convection currents? What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics There are three ways in which heat can transfer: radiation, conduction, and convection. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Radiation is the transfer of energy through space. 3 types of heat transfer: radiation, conduction, and convection Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Radiation Radiation is heat transferred with no direct contact between the objects. Heat energy is transferred through space. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Conduction Conduction is heat transferred by direct contact/touch between objects. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Convection Convection is heat transferred through gases or liquids. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Convection currents rise and sink through the mantle and liquid outer core. What part of Earth’s interior is like the soup in the pot? What part is like the burner on the stove? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Density measures how much mass is in the volume of a substance (how much “stuff” is packed into an object). ***Can you order these items from least to greatest densities? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Convection currents is the heating and cooling of a liquid. Differences in density and the force of gravity causes motion in the liquid. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics List the three types of heat transfer. Explain all three. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 3: Drifting Continents Lesson Objectives You will be able to explain Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about the continents. You will be able to list the evidence used by Wegener’s to support his hypothesis. You will be able to explain why other scientist of Wegener’s time rejected his hypothesis. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 3: Drifting Continents California Standard 6.1.a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the fit of the continents; the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges; and the distribution of fossils, rock types and ancient climatic zones. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 3: Drifting Continents What was Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about the continents? What evidence supported Wegener’s hypothesis? Why was Wegener’s hypothesis rejected by most scientists of his day? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift is the idea that our continents were once joined and have since drifted apart. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Pangaea was the supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago before the continents drifted apart. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift is the idea that continents move slowly over Earth’s surface. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who first introduced the idea of Pangaea and Continental Drift. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Wegener used three pieces of evidence to help explain and support his idea of Continental Drift: Land features Fossils Climate Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Evidence of Land Features Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Evidence from Fossils Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Evidence from Ancient Climatic Zones Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Mantle Convection Click the Video button to watch a movie about mantle convections. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics What evidence supported the hypothesis of continental drift? Explain one. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 4: Sea-Floor Spreading Lesson Objectives You will be able to explain the process of seafloor spreading. You will be able to list the evidence for sea-floor spreading. You will be able to describe the process of subduction at deep-ocean trenches. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 4: Sea-Floor Spreading California Standard 6.1.a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the fit of the continents; the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges; and the distribution of fossils, rock types and ancient climatic zones. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 4: Sea-Floor Spreading What is the process of sea-floor spreading? What is the evidence for sea-floor spreading? What happens at deep-ocean trenches? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Sea-Floor Spreading Click the Video button to watch a movie about sea-floor spreading. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Sonar The mid-ocean ridge system is more than 50,000 kilometers (km) long. What is unusual about Iceland? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics What happens to the rock along the ridge when new molten material erupts? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Evidence Molten Material Magnetic Stripes Drilling Samples How are these matching stripes evidence of sea-floor spreading? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Where would the densest ocean floor be found? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Because of sea-floor spreading, the distance between Europe and North America is increasing by a few centimeters per year. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Describe the process of seafloor spreading. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 5: The Theory of Plate Tectonics Lesson Objectives You will be able to explain the theory of plate tectonics. You will be able to describe the three types of plate boundaries. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 5: The Theory of Plate Tectonics California Standard 6.1.c Students know lithospheric plates the size of continents and oceans move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 5: The Theory of Plate Tectonics What is the theory of plate tectonics? What are the three types of plate boundaries? Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics The theory of Plate Tectonics is the idea that our continents move slowly in different directions. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics There are 3 kinds of plate boundaries: spreading boundaries, colliding boundaries, and sliding boundaries. This causes the plates to move differently at each boundary. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Plate Motions Over Time Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about continental drift. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics List the three kinds of plate boundaries. Describe each. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Quick Take Quiz Click to start quiz. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Practice Test! Click to start practice test!