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ANCIENT GREECE
Minoans (2000-1400BC)
-1st Greek Civilization
-lived on island of CRETE in the Aegean Sea
-(King Minos with the MINOTAUR)
Knossos-Minoan Capital
Myceneans-(ca. 2000 BC) Indo-European group on mainland Greece
(1200's BC)-Trojan War-Fictional war between the Myceneans and Troy (Iliad)
Homer-Legendary Blind Poet and Author of "Iliad" and "Odyssey"
-Homer was not a real person. These stories were passed down through
generations of actors telling and retelling the stories
Pantheon of GODS-Greek GODS had human qualities like Anger, Jealousy, Pride, etc
-The GODS of Greece were not invented to teach morals or ethics, but they did explain
the natural world and the human condition.
Popular Greek Gods:
Zeus-King
Hera-Queen/Fertility/Marriage
Apollo-Sun
Athena-Wisdom
Aphrodite-Love
Poseidon-Sea
Ares-War
Hermes-Messenger
Polis – A Greek City-State (autonomous political unit). Gov’t was conducted by all male
citizens on an acropolis (fortified hill-top). Every City-state gov’t was different
(Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, etc.) Some were controlled by Tyrants, or nobles
who gain power by support of the commoners.
Athens – on the Attic Peninsula
- Athens had class struggles like other city-states, but was ruled by a Direct
Democracy.
- Council of 500 – proposed laws for Athenian Assembly to vote on. Women,
slaves, and foreign-born could not participate.
- Education – boys were educated in philosophy and rhetoric from 7-17 by a tutor.
At 17 boys went to military school. – Girls were not educated except for a few
aristocratic women, including Sappho the first feminist poet.
Sparta – on peninsula called the Peloponnesus
- Helots – Spartan slaves captured in early wars. Sparta kept a strong military
because it feared slave revolts.
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Council of Elders – 30 city Elders that proposed laws for the assembly,
controlled education, and presided over the courts. 2 Kings controlled the Spartan
military.
Military – being a military society, Sparta discouraged all artistic and individual
expression. Men from age 7 – 30 live in the barracks as soldiers. At 30, they
were free to move out and marry. Military service was required until 60 yrs. old.
Women received some training, and were given many more freedoms than in
other cities.
Hoplites – Greek soldiers formed into a square formation called a phalanx.
Persian Wars
- 1st Persian War - (546 BC) – Persian Army invades Greek cities in Asia Minor,
but the Greeks led by Athens revolted against Persian rule.
- 2nd Persian War – (490 BC) – Persian Emperor Darius sent 25,000 soldiers to
Marathon. They met 10,000 Athenians. Athens won the battle because of the
phalanx.
- 3rd Persian War – (480 BC) – Persian Emperor Xerxes puts together a large
invasion army and marches them down the coast from Thrace. The Greek citystates joined together for fear of annihilation by the Persians.The Persian Army
met a 7,000 man Greek army, including 300 Spartans at Thermopylae pass. The
Greeks held the army for 3 days, until Persian spies found another route around
the pass. The Persians surrounded the Greeks at Thermopylae. This was to stall
long enough to prepare the Athenians for their battle with the Persians.
Golden Age of Athens
-Golden Age consisted of Art, history, architecture, Math, Medicine, Science,
Theater, and PHILOSOPHY
PERICLES- (Credited with the Golden Age)-37 years
-opened public office to lower classes
-public official were now paid salary
-New Greek Colonies
-Strengthened Athenian NAVY
The Acropolis-Parthenon (Temple to Athena-Goddess of Wisdom)
-Colonnade (row of columns)
-38 ft. statue of Athena (built by Phidias)
-50 ft. of Zeus in Olympia (built By Phidias)
-Both Statues do not exist today
Sculpture-Life-Like
-sculptors always strived for perfection
-sculptures were always in unnatural positions
Pythagoras
-Everything could be explained by Math
Hippocrates
-Father of Medicine
-DISEASE IS A NATURAL OCCURRENCE!!!
-Best Cure-REST, DIET, and FRESH AIR
Drama – a play with conflict and emotion.
Tragedies – a struggle against fate or events
Aeschylus – Man’s relationship with Gods
Sophocles – Greek values “Oedipus Rex” & “Antigone”
Euripides – Realist
Comedies – make fun of ideas (sometimes tragic and humorous)
Aristophanes – Made fun of Socrates and criticized war.
Philosophy – “lover of wisdom” – study of reality & existence through logic and reason
Socrates – Education is the key to growth.
-Socratic method – Answering a question with more questions.
-He was brought to trial for corrupting the Athenian youth and denying the
existence of Greek Gods.
– He was executed by drinking hemlock.
Plato – student of Socrates, wrote down Socrates’ ideas.
-founded “The Academy” school of philosophy
-humans cannot reach perfection b/c senses can be fooled.
-humans exist in 2 forms – body & soul
-“The Republic” – study of politics, the perfect gov’t (an Aristocracy based on
wisdom not wealth).
Aristotle - founded “The Lyceum” school of philosophy
-everything should be based on Logic
-Called for a mix of Monarchy, Aristocracy, & Democracy(but all are easily
corrupted)
-Teacher of Alexander the Great
Peloponnesian War
Thucydides wrote “History of Peloponnesian War”.
-Delian League-Athens used all the Money
(431 BC) - Sparta invades Attic Peninsula burning farmland and villages
-laid siege to Athens, Athens could get supplies by water route
-siege on Athens lasted for 27 years
Philip of Macedonia
(359 BC)-Became King (loved Greek culture)
-He invaded Greece (using their military style)
338 BC-Battle of Chaeronea
-Athens and Thebes
-Philip Wins-this win guarantees Philips control of all of Greece
-Philip WINS all of Greece
336 BC- Philip plans to invade PERSIA
-Philip Assassinated (at his daughter's wedding)
-Some historians think his son (Alexander) had something to do with his
assassination
Alexander-taught by ARISTOTLE, which led to a great education for Alexander
-Received the best MILITARY Training from his Father, Philip
-Now, he has to Quell (stop or end) Rebellions
-After he stopped the Rebellions, Alexander gained favor with the Military, and
with the GREEKS
-INVADES PERSIA
-invades Syria and Egypt-fairly easy victories for Alexander
-he visited Holy Sites in Egypt and met with priests-Proclaimed Alexander a
GOD!
-331 BC-Alexander finally conquered all of Persia
-invades India and conquers the Indus River Valley, which is in Northern India
-Alexander literally lead his troops into battle (He was right there along side his army)
-Alexander is shot with an arrow (troops rally around him, and bring him to safety)
-Greeks go Home
Somewhere in S. Persia
323 BC-Alexander the Great gets a fever because of wounds from battles (arrow).
June, 323 BC Alex dies+
The Hellenistic Period (Post-Alexander)
-After Alexander conquered an area he would install a Greek Governor
-This spread Greek culture throughout the Empire
-When Greek culture was becoming popular in the New Empire, it would mix with the
local culture (be it Egyptian, Persian, Syrian, or Indian)
Trade-took Hellenistic to the corners of the WORLD
Alexandria (in Egypt)-center of HELLENISTIC WORLD
-trade routes run through Alexandria
4 New Schools of Philosophy
1) Skepticism-Everything is always changing, so knowledge is uncertain-"How can we
know Anything"
2) Cynicism-Cynics live without wealth, pleasure, or social status
3) Stoicism-Divine Reason or a higher power directs the World
4) Epicureanism-Aim of life is to seek pleasure, and AVOID PAIN