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Download ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests Introduction to Microbiology Use Your Textbook Wisely
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Introduction to Microbiology ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests ❚ Orange, 8.5" X 11" ❚ Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them Introduction to Microbiology BIO 6 Denise Lim 1 Use Your Textbook Wisely 2 Some other words of advice ❚ Manage your time well ❚ Pay attention to detail ❚ Learn to be a good communicator ❚ Be professional ❚ Glossary and Index ❚ Appendices ❚ "Check Your Understanding" ❚ Study Outlines ! At end of chapters ❚ Review and Study Questions at end of chapters ! Answers in the back of the book 3 4 What is Microbiology? ❚ The study of organisms usually too small to see with the naked eye How small is small? ! Requires a microscope ❚ Microorganisms include: ! Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and animal parasites 5 6 Biology 6 1 Introduction to Microbiology Why do we care about microbes? Binomial nomenclature (naming microorganisms) ❚ Some can make us sick (germs) ❚ Most are beneficial ! Important part of food chain: photosynthesis to decomposition (rot) ! Found in our bodies (probiotics) ! Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine, beer, vinegar, bread ! Pharmaceuticals and medicine ❚ Two names: Genus and species ! Always italicized or underlined ❚ Genus name: ! Always capitalized ! Usually a noun ❚ Species name: 7 All living organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes ! Always lower case ! Usually an adjective, sometimes a proper noun 8 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes ❚ Prokaryotes are either bacteria or archaea ❚ Refers to arrangement of genetic material (DNA) in cells ! All are single-celled organisms ! Most are much smaller (100 - 1000X smaller) than eukaryotic cells - karyote means “before” nucleus ! Eu - karyote means “true” nucleus ! Pro ❚ Eukaryotes are everything else: Fungi, protistans, plants and animals ❚ Prokaryotes have DNA spread throughout cytoplasm ❚ Eukaryotes have DNA within a membrane bounded nucleus ! Can be either single- or multi-celled organisms 9 10 Size Comparison of two prokaryotes & a eukaryote ❚ Prokaryotes ! Epulopiscium: 700 µm ! Escherichia coli: 0.5 - 2 µm ❚ Eukaryote Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smaller than eukaryotic cell on right ! Paramecium: 50 µm 11 12 Biology 6 2 Introduction to Microbiology Are viruses living? Why are viruses nonliving? ❚ Noncellular ! Composed of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat Bacterial Virus (T4) Animal Virus (Ebola) ❚ No metabolic capabilities ❚ Cannot reproduce independently ❚ No ability to regulate or respond to environment 13 What features define life? 14 Important Historical Events: 1600's & 1700's ❚ Complex organization composed of cells ❚ Ability to grow and develop ❚ Ability to convert energy for own use ❚ Ability to reproduce genetically similar offspring ❚ Development of the Microscope ! Animicules visualized ! Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA ❚ Discovery of immunization & vaccines ❚ Ability to regulate internal environment (homeostasis) ❚ Ability to respond to environmental stimulus 15 16 17 18 Biology 6 3 Introduction to Microbiology 1800's ❚ Development of Cell Theory ❚ Fermentation and Pasteurization ❚ Germ Theory of Disease ❚ Antisepsis and Disease ! Importance of hand washing ! Antiseptics: chemical compounds that could kill germs 20 19 Robert Koch 1843 - 1910 ❚ Developed pure culture techniques ❚ Proved that Bacillus anthracis caused the disease anthrax in cattle ! Developed Koch’s Postulates: rules for proving a specific microbe caused a specific disease 21 Application of Koch’s Postulates 22 1900's ❚ Discovery of penicillin and other antimicrobial agents 23 24 Biology 6 4 Introduction to Microbiology Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by fungus Penicillium antibiotic 1900's ❚ DNA is the genetic molecule ❚ Genetic Code - 1960’s ❚ Central Dogma ❚ Recombinant DNA technology 1970's & 1980's ❚ Human Genome Project ❚ Personal “-omics” 25 26 Biology 6 5