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The History of DNA Unlocking the code of life Friedrich Meischer: First to Isolate DNA DNA appeared too simple to be the carrier of all the information needed to make proteins Is it DNA? In 1928, Griffith found out that the information carried in the cell could be transferred to another cell. He called this transfer “transformation”. He did not yet know about DNA and the prevailing thought of the time was that protein was the more likely culprit. Frederick Griffith Focusing in on an answer. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty repeated the Griffith experiment except that they killed the heat-killed bacteria with enzymes that destroyed proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and RNA. Transformation still occurred. When they destroyed the DNA the transformation did not occur. Oswald Avery, Collin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty: It is DNA! More evidence……. Hershey and Chase developed an experiment that conclusively determined that it was the DNA and not protein that allowed information to be passed down to the next generation. Hershey and Chase Another puzzle piece….. P. A. Levene discovered that DNA was composed of 4 nitrogenous bases: Guanine (g) Adenine (a) Thymine (t) Cytosine ( c) Levene Erwin Chargaff’s Rules Chargaff determined that different species carry differing amounts of the nitrogenous bases. He also determined that some of the bases always showed equality: C=G and A=T Chargaff The helical structure is revealed. Discovery of the DNA double helix came in 1953. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins - took an X-ray crystallography photo of DNA showing the double helix structure. Franklin and Wilkins EUREKA!!!!!!! James Watson and Francis Crick took all of the available evidence and determined the structure of the “molecule of life.” It is a twisting double helix. Watson and Crick