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CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS There are about 1,5 million kinds of organisms all over the earth. are classifed according to their properties. This process is called classification. What is classification? Classification is the process of grouping the organisms according to their properties. The science of classification is taxonomy. Functions of the classification: It enables to study organisms easily It enables to identify organisms easily. HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS? Aristo Modern scientists Natural classification In natural classification relatedness of two organisms are determined By anatomical structures. Like homologous organs that look and function different but same in structure.(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat) By physiological structures.Like metabolic reactions and systems in their body. By embryological developments. By biochemical(genetic) structures. Like protein similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences) Homologous organs Molecular similarities(DNA, protein) Physiological structures Embryological development History Linnaeus classified organisms according to their similarities in their structure. He divided organisms into 12.000 species. Species: the group of living things having similar structures and can breed with each other (can reproduce and form fertile organisms) Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal) name to each living thing. The first one is the genus, the second one is species name. Felis leo Felis domesticus The most related organisms should be in the same genus. If both genus and species name is same so they are same. But if they have same species name but different genus name, they are not related in their genus and species level. The following organisms are named according to the binominal nomenclature. Which of them are closely related? I. Quercus alba II. Certex quercus III. Basella rubra IV.Quercus rubra Organisms are classified into larger groups. Species is the smallest one , kingdom is the largest one. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Charles Organized Football Game in Scotland Kingdom contains the largest number of different organisms. The number of organisms get smaller from kingdom to species. But the similarities within organisms are greatest in species and the similarities get less from species to kingdom. Number of organisms increases (similarities decreases) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Similarities increases (Number of organisms decreases) Species Question: I. Kingdom II. Phylum III. Class IV. Order V. Family VI. Genus VII. Species X, Y and Z species are found in following levels: X-Y I, II, III X-Z I, II, III, IV Z-Y I, II, III, IV, V Which of the following is not true according to this information. a. Y and Z species are found in same Order. b. X, Y and Z species are in the same genus. c. X, Y and Z species are in the same class. d. Z and Y species are found in same family. e. Z is closely related to Y than species X. Monera VIRUSES Viruses are between living and nonliving things, because they don’t have metabolism. They don’t have life functions. They can do their life functions only in a host cell. They use the host cell’s organelles and metabolism. They are obligate intracellular parasites. A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), they are surrounded by protein coat. They don’t have any organelles or cytoplasm. They can have capsule surrounding protein coat. Some viruses infect bacteria, they are called bacteriophages. Viruses can be classified according to their nucleic acid type. Mostly animal viruses have DNA and plant viruses have RNA. A disease-causing entity on the borderline between life and non-life. Viruses are capable of reproducing only within a living host cell. They effectively reprogram the cells they invade, turning the cellular machinery into a biological factory for manufacturing fresh copies of themselves. For more details, see viral reproduction. The simplest viruses consist of a single helical strand of RNA coated with protein molecules. Life cycle of a Virus 1. Virus attaches a host cell membrane 2. melts down the cell membrane and injects viral DNA or RNA 3. İntegrates viral DNA to host cell DNA 4. mRNA synthesized from host DNA 5. Viral proteins synthesized, new virus formed 6. Virus breaks down the host cell , infects other cells. 1. Kingdom: Bacteria- archaebacteria (MONERA) Monera kingdom contains organisms with prokaryotic cells. Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran. They don’t have nucleus and other membraned organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But have extra DNA particles-plasmids. They can do aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings of cell membrane. Uses of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology. Distinct Traits of Eubacteria Cell Wall- The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan. Gene Structure- Eubacteria have genes which lack introns, making them different from Archeabacteria. Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides. Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. What do they eat? Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other, photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food. Importance of bacteria Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. Some bacteria causes diseases. Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria Archeabacteria are strong bacteria that are capable of living in extreme environments, such as thermal vents, gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and swamps(methanogens). Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria Since Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they do not have the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but they still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular and can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic. Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments in the DNA. Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles. It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s eukaryotes. 1. Methanogens: the“methane-makers” Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result give off methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. Methanococcus jannaschii, isolated from the deep sea Methanogens are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment. Methanogens may someday be used to produce methane as fuel! 2. Extreme Halophiles: the “salt lovers” Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds. 3. Extreme Thermophiles: “heat / cold lovers” Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at roon temperature). Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis and two species. Autotrophs Can produce food or organic compounds(glucose, aminoacid, lipids) from inorganic molecules I. Photosynthesis: Plants, bacteria and algae that use sunlight energy to use CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. Have chlorophyll(prokaryotes) or chloroplasts(eukaryotes). II. Chemosynthesis: Bacteria that live in soil, which use oxidation of inorganic compounds to get energy to make glucose from CO2. They don’t have chlorophyll. Heterotrophs Can’t produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules. Take in organic compounds from autotrophs or heterotrophs. I. Saprophytes: breakdown dead bodies. II. Mutualistic:2 organisms that are dependent to each other. III. Parasitic :2 organisms that live together but one harms the other. Different types of bacteria 2. Kingdom:PROTISTA Kingdom protista include unicellular or very simple multicellular organisms. All of them are eukaryotes with true nucleus. They can be autotroph or heterotroph. Paramecium Amoeba Euglena They are classified as their way of movement They are classified as their cell number. Protozoa Heterotroph, move Sarcodinesamoeba Flagellatestrypanosoma Sporozoansplasmodium Ciliataparamecium Algae Have plastids, autotrophs Unicellular algaeeuglena Multicellular algae-red, brown, green algae Fungi-like Have flagella, centrioles, cellulose cell wall Slime mold Mostly they live in fresh water and they are threatened with excess water entering their cell. They have a specialized organ Contractile vacuole to throw out water. Multicellularity Some unicellular organisms start to live together. In that way they share their jobs and live effectively. Volvox one of the colonies which is important during evolution. http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/bilgipaket/canlilar/protista/ phytomastigo.htm 3. Kingdom: FUNGI Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular( mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. They are known as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. They break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules. Fungi have common properties with plants: They have cell wall like plants(chitin). They have common properties with animals: They are heterotrophs, they don’t have chloroplasts, store sugar as glycogen. They can be parasitic (live depending on a host and give harm on it)or saprophytic (they obtain their food from the decaying bodies of plants and animals ) They reproduce by spores. LICHENS Some types of fungi live together with other organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and algae. They live together mutually. Both of them benefit from the relationship. 4. Kingdom: Plants They are autotrophs. They have cellulose cell wall. Kingdom contains many different species. Classification of plants Nonvascular plants: don’t carry vascular tissues. They are small plants like moss, liverworts. Vascular plants: carry vascular tissues. They can produce seeds or not. Seedless plants : can’t produce seed, they reproduce by spores. Ex. ferns Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by seeds.ex. Pines, flowering plants Gymnosperms: their seeds are not covered(naked) ex. Pine . They don’t have real flower. Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by tissues(fruit). Ex. Lilium. They have flowers 5. Kingdom: Animals They are Heterotrophs. Mostly they have well developed body systems. (phylum) classes (phylum) classes Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton. Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for movement. Sponges: are simplest of animals. Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydra Annelids(worms): Planaria, taenia, earthworm Mollusca:snail, slug, mussel Echinoderms: sea urchin sea star Arthropods: spider, insects Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body systems are complex. Fishes: Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians: Reptiles: Lizard, snake, turtle Mammals: Birds: Heart Circula chambers tion Fish 2 Amphib 3 ia Reptile Bird 3 Half split 4 Mamm 4 al Closed Body temperature Blood in heart Poikilothermi Not c oxygenated Respiration Gill Amonnia Larvae GillAdult Lung + Skin Amonnia Urea External fertilization External development Uric acid Internal fertilization External development Uric acid Internal fertilization External development Ürea Internal fertilization İnternal developemnt Except marsupials and egg laying mammal platypus Closed Poikilothermi c Closed Poikilothermi c Partly Mixed Oxygenated and not oxygenated Closed Separate Oxygenate homeothermic d and not Lung oxygenate d Closed Fertilisation and development External fertilization External developmant Mixed Oxygenated and not oxygenated Separate homeothermic Oxygenated and not oxygenated Excretory waste Lung Lung