Download CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
There are about
1,5 million kinds of
organisms all over
the earth. are
classifed according
to their properties.
This process is called
classification.
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What is classification?
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Classification is the process of grouping the
organisms according to their properties. The
science of classification is taxonomy.
Functions of the classification:
 It enables to study organisms easily
 It enables to identify organisms easily.
HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY
ORGANISMS?
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Aristo
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Modern scientists
Natural classification
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In natural classification relatedness of two
organisms are determined
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By anatomical structures. Like homologous organs
that look and function different but same in
structure.(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat)
By physiological structures.Like metabolic reactions
and systems in their body.
By embryological developments.
By biochemical(genetic) structures. Like protein
similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences)
Homologous organs
Molecular similarities(DNA, protein)
Physiological structures
Embryological development
History
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Linnaeus classified organisms according to
their similarities in their structure. He divided
organisms into 12.000 species.
Species: the group of living things having
similar structures and can breed with each
other (can reproduce and form fertile
organisms)
Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal)
name to each living thing. The first one is the
genus, the second one is species name.
Felis leo
Felis domesticus
The most related organisms should be in the same genus.
If both genus and species name is same so they are same.
But if they have same species name but different genus
name, they are not related in their genus and species level.
The following organisms are named according to the
binominal nomenclature. Which of them are closely related?
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I. Quercus alba
II. Certex quercus
III. Basella rubra
IV.Quercus rubra
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Organisms are classified into larger
groups. Species is the smallest one ,
kingdom is the largest one.
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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King
Phillip
Charles
Organized
Football
Game in
Scotland
Kingdom contains the largest
number of different organisms. The
number of organisms get smaller
from kingdom to species.
 But the similarities within
organisms are greatest in species
and the similarities get less from
species to kingdom.
Number of organisms increases
(similarities decreases)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Similarities increases
(Number of organisms decreases)
Species
Question:
I. Kingdom
II. Phylum
III. Class
IV. Order
V. Family
VI. Genus
VII. Species
X, Y and Z species are found in following levels:
X-Y
I, II, III
X-Z
I, II, III, IV
Z-Y
I, II, III, IV, V
Which of the following is not true according to this information.
a. Y and Z species are found in same Order.
b. X, Y and Z species are in the same genus.
c. X, Y and Z species are in the same class.
d. Z and Y species are found in same family.
e. Z is closely related to Y than species X.
Monera
VIRUSES
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Viruses are between living and nonliving
things,
because they don’t have metabolism. They
don’t have life functions.
They can do their life functions only in a host
cell. They use the host cell’s organelles and
metabolism. They are obligate intracellular
parasites.
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A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA
or RNA), they are surrounded by
protein coat. They don’t have any
organelles or cytoplasm. They can
have capsule surrounding protein
coat. Some viruses infect bacteria,
they are called bacteriophages.
Viruses can be classified according
to their nucleic acid type.
Mostly animal viruses have DNA
and plant viruses have RNA.
A disease-causing entity on the borderline between life and non-life. Viruses are
capable of reproducing only within a living host cell. They effectively reprogram the
cells they invade, turning the cellular machinery into a biological factory for
manufacturing fresh copies of themselves. For more details, see viral
reproduction. The simplest viruses consist of a single helical strand of RNA coated
with protein molecules.
Life cycle of a Virus
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1. Virus attaches a host
cell membrane
2. melts down the cell
membrane and injects
viral DNA or RNA
3. İntegrates viral DNA to
host cell DNA
4. mRNA synthesized
from host DNA
5. Viral proteins synthesized, new virus formed
6. Virus breaks down the host cell , infects other cells.
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1. Kingdom: Bacteria- archaebacteria
(MONERA)
Monera kingdom contains organisms with
prokaryotic cells.
Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran.
They don’t have nucleus and other membraned
organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER
etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But
have extra DNA particles-plasmids. They can do
aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings
of cell membrane.
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Uses of plasmids
in recombinant
DNA technology.
Distinct Traits of Eubacteria
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Cell Wall- The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a
carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan.
Gene Structure- Eubacteria have genes which lack introns,
making them different from Archeabacteria.
Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these
bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with
food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods
like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides.
Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria
breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals.
Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese,
yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria.
We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics.
What do they eat? Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and
heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other,
photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food.
Importance of bacteria
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Useful bacteria are important for recycling of
matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and
plant bodies into minerals.
Most of the bacteria are important in industry.
We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar
with the help of the bacteria.
We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics.
Some bacteria causes diseases.
Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria
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Archeabacteria are strong bacteria that are capable of living in
extreme environments, such as thermal vents,
gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and
swamps(methanogens).
Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria
Since Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they
do not have the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but they
still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular and
can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns
unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments
in the DNA.
Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to
those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles.
It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s
eukaryotes.
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1. Methanogens: the“methane-makers”
Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result
give off methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle,
termites, etc. Methanococcus jannaschii, isolated from the deep sea
Methanogens are decomposers; and can be used in sewage
treatment. Methanogens may someday be used to produce methane
as fuel!
2. Extreme Halophiles: the “salt lovers”
Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean
water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria
live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds.
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3. Extreme Thermophiles: “heat / cold lovers”
Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for
hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles
will die at roon temperature).
Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea
hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants.
Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice
caps, etc. Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis and two
species.
Autotrophs
Can produce food or organic
compounds(glucose, aminoacid,
lipids) from inorganic molecules
I. Photosynthesis: Plants, bacteria and
algae that use sunlight energy to use
CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and
O2. Have chlorophyll(prokaryotes) or
chloroplasts(eukaryotes).
II. Chemosynthesis: Bacteria that live
in soil, which use oxidation of
inorganic compounds to get energy to
make glucose from CO2. They don’t
have chlorophyll.
Heterotrophs
Can’t produce organic
compounds from inorganic
molecules.
Take in organic compounds
from autotrophs or
heterotrophs.
I. Saprophytes: breakdown
dead bodies.
II. Mutualistic:2 organisms
that are dependent to each
other.
III. Parasitic :2 organisms
that live together but one
harms the other.
Different types of bacteria
2. Kingdom:PROTISTA
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Kingdom protista include unicellular or very
simple multicellular organisms.
All of them are eukaryotes with true nucleus.
They can be autotroph or heterotroph.
Paramecium
Amoeba
Euglena
They are classified as
their way of movement
They are classified as
their cell number.
Protozoa
Heterotroph, move
Sarcodinesamoeba
Flagellatestrypanosoma
Sporozoansplasmodium
Ciliataparamecium
Algae
Have plastids,
autotrophs
Unicellular algaeeuglena
Multicellular
algae-red, brown,
green algae
Fungi-like
Have flagella,
centrioles,
cellulose cell wall
Slime mold
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Mostly they live in fresh water and they are
threatened with excess water entering their
cell. They have a specialized organ Contractile
vacuole to throw out water.
Multicellularity
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Some unicellular organisms start
to live together. In that way they
share their jobs and live
effectively. Volvox one of the
colonies which is important
during evolution.
http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/bilgipaket/canlilar/protista/
phytomastigo.htm
3. Kingdom:
FUNGI
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Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular(
mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. They are known
as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. They
break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto
a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food
molecules.
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Fungi have common properties with plants: They
have cell wall like plants(chitin).
They have common properties with animals:
They are heterotrophs, they don’t have chloroplasts,
store sugar as glycogen.
They can be parasitic (live depending on a host and
give harm on it)or saprophytic (they obtain their food
from the decaying bodies of plants and animals )
They reproduce by spores.
LICHENS
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Some types of fungi live together with other
organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and
algae. They live together mutually. Both of
them benefit from the relationship.
4. Kingdom: Plants
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They are autotrophs.
They have cellulose cell wall.
Kingdom contains many different species.
Classification of plants
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Nonvascular plants: don’t carry
vascular tissues. They are small
plants like moss, liverworts.
Vascular plants: carry vascular
tissues. They can produce seeds or
not.
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Seedless plants : can’t produce seed,
they reproduce by spores. Ex. ferns
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Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by
seeds.ex. Pines, flowering plants
 Gymnosperms: their seeds are not
covered(naked) ex. Pine . They don’t have real
flower.
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Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by
tissues(fruit). Ex. Lilium. They have flowers
5. Kingdom: Animals
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They are Heterotrophs.
Mostly they have well developed body
systems.
(phylum)
classes
(phylum)
classes
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Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton.
Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for
movement.
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Sponges: are simplest of animals.
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Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydra
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Annelids(worms):
Planaria, taenia,
earthworm
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Mollusca:snail, slug,
mussel
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Echinoderms: sea urchin
sea star
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Arthropods: spider, insects
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Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body
systems are complex.
Fishes:
Cartilaginous fish
Bony fish
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Amphibians:
Reptiles:
Lizard, snake, turtle
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Mammals:
Birds:
Heart
Circula
chambers
tion
Fish
2
Amphib 3
ia
Reptile
Bird
3
Half split
4
Mamm 4
al
Closed
Body
temperature
Blood in heart
Poikilothermi Not
c
oxygenated
Respiration
Gill
Amonnia
Larvae
GillAdult Lung +
Skin
Amonnia
Urea
External
fertilization
External
development
Uric acid
Internal
fertilization
External
development
Uric acid
Internal
fertilization
External
development
Ürea
Internal
fertilization
İnternal
developemnt
Except marsupials
and egg laying
mammal platypus
Closed
Poikilothermi
c
Closed
Poikilothermi
c
Partly Mixed
Oxygenated
and not
oxygenated
Closed
Separate
Oxygenate
homeothermic
d and not Lung
oxygenate
d
Closed
Fertilisation and
development
External
fertilization
External
developmant
Mixed
Oxygenated
and not
oxygenated
Separate
homeothermic Oxygenated
and not
oxygenated
Excretory
waste
Lung
Lung