Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla Grouping Organisms And Classification Age of Life on Earth • 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first) • 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner) Taxonomy • Discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign them a scientific name Domains 3 largest classification groups Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya THREE Domains …Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Prokaryotic (no true nucleus) (true bacteria) (extreme bacteria) Eukarya (true nucleus) (protists fungi plants animals) TAXONS • Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya • Kingdom (6) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species TAXONS: levels of taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain memorize LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens This is the one organism you need to memorize. Ever hear of E. coli? • It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli T. rex. • Tyrannosaurus rex • Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter. binomial nomenclature • is the two part name of organisms. two terms: the genus name and the species • Example: Common name = sugar pine Scientific name = Pinus lambertiana • ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosa lodgepole pine: Pinus contorta Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly) • Gelae baen (fungus beetle) Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli • Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first) • Species is lower case • Written in Latin • Italicized OR underlined How do you write scientific name for humans? • Homo sapiens • OR • Homo sapiens Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system • Studied medicine • Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood • Studied plants to make medicines 1707-1778 Our Hero Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden Classification Chart of Primates Where do the name come from? • Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns. Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly) • Gelae baen (fungus beetle) Dichotomous Key • An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing. Two Ways to Make the Key • "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step. • • • • • • • • • • 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here) All Tree Leaves • Needles Broadleaf Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better) Can use tree guides. Tips • Better if the choice a positive one something "is" instead of "is not". • If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word. • 1. a. leaves with lobes • b. leaves single (no lobes) Some common terms • lobed and one entire • » serrated Some examples • Round, serrated Base not even • Teeth wide, sunken veins Examples • Four pointed lobes • Deep lobes almost to rib Leaflets across Some even have more than one shape on the same tree Get Handout: Good Tips • Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves • One key/lab table • Use 4 feet of white paper • Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms like "large" and "small". • Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices. • Leaves will be taped at the end of the division. Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic • PROKARYOTIC • No true nucleus (called a nucleoid) • smaller • EUKARYOTIC • True nucleus with a membrane • larger • Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic Six Kingdoms: Get Handout Two Domains are Prokaryotic • Genetic material NOT in a nucleus (called a nucleoid instead) • INCLUDES: 1. Eubacteria –true bacteria 2. Archaea – extreme bacteria (sometimes “archaebacteria”) • Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33) Kingdom: Archaea or Archaebacteria) • Prokaryotic –no true nucleus • Cell walls with no peptidoglycan (see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled • Live in most extreme environments FYI: Discovered • Discovering Archaea (3:24) 1977 What is peptidoglycan? • A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria Kingdom: Archaea • Thermophiles –love heat • Psychrophiles –cold-loving • Acidophiles –love acidic environments • Halophiles-love salty • Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom) Archaea Examples • Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube) Found in hot springs Archaea Examples A-thermophile B-halophile C-halophile D-carbonatphile E-halophile F-calcium carbonatphile -What are extremophiles? (54 secs) -Extremophiles (1:25) -Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7:16) Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria) • Prokaryotic – no true nucleus (just a nucleoid) • Cell wall with peptidoglycan • Unicellular –one-celled • Diverse environments and metabolism Eubacteria (Common) • Staphylococcus • Anthracis bacillus • Escherichia coli • Streptococcus Eubacteria Examples • Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Staphylococcus aureus(skin) Domain: Eukarya HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material) Includes 4 Kingdoms: Protists Fungi Animals Plants Kingdom: Protista • Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus • Usually unicellular • Varied cell walls • (Plant-like, animallike, fungus –like) PROTISTA • Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll) • Animal-like protists (Move) Fungus-like protists (slime molds move like amoeba, decomposer) Protista Examples Protist Youtube Euglena • Paramecium Stentor Volvox (colonial) Kingdom: FUNGI • Eukaryotic • Cell walls of chitin – stiffener • Can be multicellular or unicellular Fungi • Yeast (unicellular fungi) • Can you see the budding? More Fungi • Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus Bread mold More Fungi • Penicillium Black Mold Hot dog mold Kingdom: Plantae • Eukaryotic • Cell wall made of cellulose • Multicellular –more than one cell • Autotrophic – photosynthetic – make their own food What is cellulose? Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants Examples: Kingdom: Animalia • • • • Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals) Animalia What kingdom are you?