Download Genetic Engineering and The Human Genome

Genetic Engineering and The
Human Genome
Selective Breeding
• Humans use selective breeding to pass
desired traits on to the next generation.
• Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a
line of organisms by breeding related
organisms.
• Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of
genes Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC
TRAITS)
Increasing Variation
• To increase variation, breeders often
introduce mutations (the ultimate source
for genetic variation) into the population.
Manipulating DNA
• Using their knowledge of DNA and various
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techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify
and copy DNA.
DNA Extraction – simple chemical procedure
separate DNA.
DNA Cutting – restriction enzymes cut particular
DNA sequences.
Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis.
Copy – using polymerace chain reaction “PCR”
Applications of Biotechnology
• DNA Finger Printing
– Uses: identity, paternity, crime scenes
– You need: Saliva, blood, body fluids, skin or
hair
• Gel Electrophoresis: Used to separate DNA
into fragments based on size
– How you can tell who did the crime based on
gel results
Gel Electophoresis and PCR
Separates DNA based on size
Magnifying DNA
Transgenic Organisms
• Transgenic organisms contain genes from
other organisms.
• Ethical Issues??
EXAMPLES:
• Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.
• Using bacteria to make human insulin.
Cloning
• A clone is a member of a population of
genetically identical cells produced from a
single cell.
• Dolly, Cows , Cats and more.
• Bring back endangered or even extinct
species.
Human Chromosomes
• 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 46.
– 1-22: autosomal
– 23: sex chromosomes
• Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can
be used to study our chromosomes.
Karyotype
Chromosome Disorders
• Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to
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separate during meiosis.
The result is an abnormal number of
chromosomes.
• Down Syndrome – Extra chromosome at position
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21.
Turner’s Syndrome – a female with only one X
chromosome
Klinefelters’ syndrome – In Males too many X
chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.
Gene Therapy
• In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene
is replaced by a normal, working gene.
Human Genome Project
• An ongoing effort to analyze the human
DNA sequence
**Important because it could be used to
cure genetic disorders
-What if a normal gene produces an
absent gene….useful so body can make
correct protein
DNA Testing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDum
ZT5z5R8