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DNA:
The Molecule of
Heredity
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1. Describe the
structure of the DNA
molecule:
DNA has 2
main sides.
These sides
are like the
upright parts
of a ladder.
A
The sides are
made of two
different
chemicals:
Deoxyribose
Sugar and
Phosphate. These
two chemicals
alternate along
each side.
B
There are parts
that connect
the two sides
together.
These parts
look like the
rungs of a
ladder.
C
NITROGEN
BASES
form the
rungs of a
DNA
molecule.
D
There are four
different nitrogen
bases in DNA:
Adenine
Guanine
Thyamine
Cytosine
E
The four bases
join each other in
certain ways to
form the rungs.
Like pieces of a
puzzle, shape A
will only fit with
shape T, and
Shape G will only
fit with shape C.
F
The DNA
molecule
is twisted
into a
spiral.
G
Adenine and Guanine = PURINES
Thymine and Cytosine = PYRIMIDINES
DNA AND
CHROMOSOMES
2. What is the
relationship between
DNA and
CHROMOSOMES?
Chromosomes
are made of
DNA
3. What does the
letters “DNA” stand
for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
D
N
A
4. What is the function
of DNA?
Stores the
genetic blue
print for the
creation of
traits for the
organism.
5. What are Genes:
Genes are
parts of
chromosomes
A
A gene is a
short piece
of DNA.
B
It is a certain
number of base
pairs.
( rings on the
ladder)
C
. How do we
know that
DNA controls
our traits?
6
A harmless
bacteria
was put in
contact with
the DNA of
a deadly
bacteria.
A
The
harmless
bacteria
engulfed the
deadly DNA
and added it
to its own
B
DNA.
The
harmless
bacteria
was
mutated
into a
deadly
bacteria.
C
7. How does
DNA work?
A series of three base pairs
make up a CODON.
The CODON is like a word in a
sentence that makes up the
genetic code for a particular
trait.
A
A section of the DNA
contains the base pairs
in a precise order that
codes for a particular
protein.
B
8. What is RNA?
A single
stranded
nucleotide that
uses Ribose
sugar instead
of deoxyribose
sugar.
A
The nitrogen
bases that make
up the RNA
molecule are
complimentary
to the nitrogen
bases that make
up the DNA
molecule.
B
Ok, Add a C. I guess you
can put it on the bottom
of the page and just draw
an arrow.
Keep an eye on your questions,
my numbers got off track.
One of the RNA
bases is different.
DNA has Thymine
RNA has Uracil
In RNA, Uracil is
the compliment to
Adenine
C
9 . Explain the
interaction between
DNA and RNA.
(1)
Certain sections of the
DNA are unzipped by an
enzyme.
A
The RNA reads the
unzipped areas by
matching up RNA
nitrogen bases to those
exposed on the DNA.
B
This type of RNA is
called MESSENGER
RNA. It delivers the
genetic instructions to
the ribosome where the
necessary protein is
assembled.
C
9 Describe
Transcription:
(2).
Transcription is the
reading of the DNA by
M-RNA.
10. Explain what
happens during Protein
synthesis:
The messenger RNA
slides into the ribosome,
leaving its nitrogen
bases exposed.
A
Transfer RNA (T-RNA)
then brings the
matching amino acids
up to the ribosome.
B
Here the amino acids are
hooked together by
peptide bonds and a new
protein is created.
C
11. What is replication?
The duplication of the
DNA molecule.
12. List the steps of
Replication:
The DNA is ready to
duplicate.
A
The enzyme begins to
unzip the DNA double
helix.
B
Loose nitrogen bases with the
sugar and acid attached are
present in the cell nucleus.
These bases are not part of the
DNA yet. They join the bases
that are on the opened rungs.
A –bonds with –T
C –bonds with G
C
As the bases join, the
enzyme ligase causes
the sides to form,
creating two identical
DNA molecules
D
13. Consider the
following piece of DNA.
Write in the
complimentary base:
A A G C T C C T G C
AAGC T C C T GC
T T C GAGGAC G
Codon
Codon
Codon
1
2
3
How the Genetic
message changes
14. What is a mutation?
A mistake that results
from some mistake in the
genetic code.
15. How are most
human mutations
created?
Human mutations are
the result of a mistake
in replication of the sex
chromosomes.
16. What can
cause these
mistakes to occur
and to cause
mutations
?
Radiation
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma
rays
Certain
chemicals
taken into the
mother’s body
during
pregnancy can
also cause
mutations.
17. What is a clone?
Two individuals that
have the exact same
genetic code.
18. Are twins clones?
Identical twins are clones.
Fraternal
twins are
just brothers
and or
sisters.
19. Can clones be
created in the laboratory?
Yes. Many
animals
have been
cloned.
20. Explain the steps
involved in cloning
animals:
1) The nucleus of an egg
is removed.
A
2) The nucleus of a body
cell from the animal to
be cloned is injected into
the neutral egg.
B
3) The body cell with the
injected DNA begins to
undergo mitosis and
develops into the cloned
animal.
C
4) Normal gestation and
development within a
surrogate mother must
occur. An adult clone
cannot be created.
D
21. Can a plant be
cloned?
Yes, take a cutting from
the plant. Root it, and
set it out. The new plant
will be a clone of the
original.
22. What is SELECTIVE
BREEDING?
This is when people choose
which males will breed with
which female.
This is done when certain
traits are desired.
23. What is gene
splicing?
Removing a section of
DNA and inserting
another piece.
This changes the trait.
The new piece of DNA is
called RECOMBINANT
DNA.
24. What is GENE
THERAPY?
Removing harmful genes
and inserting healthy
genes.
Who were WATSON AND
CRICK? What was their
major accomplishment?
Watson and Crick
created the first
model of the DNA
molecule. The
won the Nobel
Prize for their
accomplishment.