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Genetics Review
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2 brown, three:2 white two
6BbYY:2BbYY:2bbYY:2Bbyy:2bbyy:2bbYy
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Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
Uniform Offspring
Diverse Offspring
Single Parent
More than one parent
Starfish
Regular fish (the kind that
swim)
Amoeba (single-celled
organism)
Cows
Asexual
Sexual
Asexual
Sexual
Both
Sexual
Asexual
Sexual
Chemical Combo’s!
•Adenine always combines with thymine
•Thymine always combines with adenine
•Guanine always combines with cytosine
•Cytosine always combines with guanine
Chromosomes
•Each of our body cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
•And, so, logically it follows that each of our
body cells contains 46 chromosomes. (MATH!?
In Science? I know… it’s simply madness…)
•So, how many chromosomes are in any
sperm or egg cell??? 23!!!
Karyotypes are KOOL
A Karyotype is the number
and appearance of chromosomes in
the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is
also used for the complete set of
chromosomes in a species, or an individual
organism. Karyotypes describe the number of
chromosomes, and what they look like under a
microscope.
What about Heredity?
The scientific study of Heredity is called
Genetics.
• So, when traits pass from parents to
children, we call that Heredity.
• The "Father of genetics" is Gregor Mendel
•
o
•
He used pea plants to perform his research
We know that TRAITS are controlled by
genes located in the DNA.
Genes that Determine Sex/Gender
• An X-Shaped structure is called a
CHROMOSOME
• Genes within your body code for a
specific TRAIT
• The 23rd pair of chromosomes in your
body determine your sex/gender.
Genes that Determine Sex/Gender
• If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is an XX, the
gender is FEMALE
• If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is an Xx, the
gender is MALE
• We call the smaller x the Y Chromosome (even
though it doesn’t look like a Y)
• The number of chromosomal pairs that a species
has does NOT correlate with specific levels of
intelligence or size with the organism.
•ALLELES are just different forms of a gene
•Because of this, every person inherits one
ALLELE from the mother and one ALLELE for
that same trait from the father.
•We call strong alleles the DOMINANT allele
•Weaker alleles are called the RECESSIVE allele
•Recessive
alleles are HIDDEN, but
may be passed down from parents to
their offspring
•A recessive allele can ONLY show
up if another RECESSIVE ALLELE
is also present. We need TWO (2)
recessive alleles to see them show
up.
Genotype vs. Phenotype
rr = Genotype
• Red Hair = Phenotype
• Rolling Tongue = Phenotype
• Tt = Genotype
•
SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSusie Roundpants at
a dance. SpongeBob is homozygous dominant for two big front
teeth, but SpongeSusie has small front teeth. Create a Punnett
square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeBob
and SpongeSusie had children. HINT: Large teeth are dominant.
• Possible Genotypes for their Children: Ll
• Possible Phenotypes for their Children: Large Front Teeth
• Their children have a 4 out of 4 or 100% chance to have large front
teeth.
• The children have a 0 out of 4 or 0% chance to have SMALL front teeth.
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!*Remember*!--> A Hybrid is an organism with a dominant
AND a recessive allele
The letters inside a Punnet square represent GENOTYPES