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DNA
What is DNA?
What is it made out of?
How does DNA work?
What is RNA?
What are genes?
What is a mutation?
I. DNA (______________________
deoxyribonucleic
__________)
acid
is contained in the
chromosomes of cells.
A. Dr. ____________
Rosalind
__________
Franklin
discovered by X-ray that DNA is
helix
a double ______________
(spiral).
B. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick came up with a model
for DNA that looks like a twisted ladder. Each rail of the ladder is made
sugar
up of ___________
and _____________
phosphate molecules and the “rungs” of
nitrogen
bases
the ladder are made up of _____________
___________.
Hydrogen
spirals
bonds between the nitrogen bases hold the 2 ______________
together.
C. DNA is made up of sub-units called _______________,
nucleotides
which are
sugar (deoxyribose)
phosphate (PO4-3) and a
made up of a ______________________,
a _________________,
nitrogen
base
_______________
____________.
D. There are 4 types of nitrogen bases: ________________,
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
__________________,
__________________,
and _______________.
Erwin
Chargaff
____________
_____________
discovered that there are equal
amounts of _______________
and _______________
in DNA, and
adenine
thymine
also equal amounts of _________________
and _______________.
cytosine
guanine
S
T
A
P
S
P
A
T
P
S
S
P
C
G
P
S
S
S
P
G
C
S
_______________
SHAPE
is the reason that
A only bonds to T and C only bonds to G.
one
DNA pieces can only fit together _______
way!
DNA
E. Replication – This is the process by which __________
copies itself.
1. An enzyme breaks the ______________________
hydrogen bond
which holds
the bases of the 2 strands together. The molecule then “unzips”.
nitrogen
bases
2. The open ____________
___________
on each strand pair up
with the bases of other nucleotides floating around loose in the
nucleus.
3. Each new DNA molecule contains one ______________
original
strand
identical
and one _________
strand. The 2 new molecules are _____________
new
to the original DNA molecule.
II. Gene – the section of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of a
protein
trait
specific _______________
that determines a _____________
such as
eye color, hair color, height, etc.
A. The gene controls in what order the __________
amino
___________
acids
are put
together to make a certain protein. Where in the cell are proteins made?
ribosomes
______________________
B. The gene code is carried from the nucleus to the
RNA (_______________
ribonucleic
ribosome by ______
acid
____________)
molecules.
single
1. RNA has a ___________
strand (unlike DNA).
2. RNA contains the sugar ______________.
ribose
3. RNA contains the nitrogen base ____________
uracil (U)
thymine (T)
instead of _________________.
4. RNA is made in the _______________
nucleus
on a
DNA pattern.
______
a. Messenger RNA (________)
m-RNA moves from
the nucleus and attaches onto the
ribosome
_______________.
b. Transfer RNA (_______)
t-RNA picks up ________
amino
acids
________
in the cytoplasm and brings them to
ribosome
t-RNA temporarily
the ____________.
The ________
hooks onto the __________
until the ________
m-RNA
amino
acids
________bond
together in the order called for
by the gene code, creating a ____________.
protein
____________
Nucleic
Acids
______
______
RNA
_______
DNA
_________
Double
contains
A,C,T,G
_________
Found in
Nucleus
_________
Number of strands
Single
_________
contains
A,C,U,G
_________
Found in
___________
Cytoplasm
_
___________
Nucleus
___________
Ribosomes
III. Mutations – any permanent change in a _________
gene
or ______________
chromosome
of a cell.
1. Sometimes change occurs during ____________________.
replication
2. ____________
X-rays
and ________________
chemicals
can change or break
chromosomes.
3. Mutation in a body cell may not be ______________________.
life-threatening
4. Mutation in a ______________
gamete
passes the mutation on to all the cells
gamete
that form from that ________________.
Example: _______________
Downs
_______________
Syndrome
occurs when a
______________
forms with an extra chromosome #_____.
The
gamete
21
3 of these chromosomes. This occurs when the
zygote has ____
___________________
do not separate during ______________.
chromosomes
meiosis
DNA
What is DNA?
What is it made out of?
How does DNA work?
What is RNA?
What are genes?
What is a mutation?
I. DNA (______________________ __________) is contained in the
chromosomes of cells.
A. Dr. ____________ __________ discovered by X-ray that DNA is
a double ______________ (spiral).
B. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick came up with a model
for DNA that looks like a twisted ladder. Each rail of the ladder is made
up of ___________ and _____________ molecules and the “rungs” of
the ladder are made up of _____________ ___________. Hydrogen
bonds between the nitrogen bases hold the 2 ______________ together.
C. DNA is made up of sub-units called _______________, which are
made up of a ______________________, a _________________, and a
_______________ ____________.
D. There are 4 types of nitrogen bases: ________________,
__________________, __________________, and _______________.
____________ _____________ discovered that there are equal
amounts of _______________ and _______________ in DNA, and
also equal amounts of _________________ and _______________.
S
T
A
P
S
P
A
T
P
S
S
P
C
G
P
S
S
S
P
G
C
S
_______________ is the reason that
A only bonds to T and C only bonds to G.
DNA pieces can only fit together _______
way!
E. Replication – This is the process by which __________ copies itself.
1. An enzyme breaks the ______________________ which holds
the bases of the 2 strands together. The molecule then “unzips”.
2. The open ____________ ___________ on each strand pair up
with the bases of other nucleotides floating around loose in the
nucleus.
3. Each new DNA molecule contains one ______________ strand
and one _________ strand. The 2 new molecules are _____________
to the original DNA molecule.
II. Gene – the section of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of a
specific _______________ that determines a _____________ such as
eye color, hair color, height, etc.
A. The gene controls in what order the __________ ___________ are put
together to make a certain protein. Where in the cell are proteins made?
______________________
B. The gene code is carried from the nucleus to the
ribosome by ______ (_______________
____________) molecules.
1. RNA has a ___________ strand (unlike DNA).
2. RNA contains the sugar ______________.
3. RNA contains the nitrogen base ____________
instead of _________________.
4. RNA is made in the _______________ on a
______ pattern.
a. Messenger RNA (________) moves from
the nucleus and attaches onto the
_______________.
b. Transfer RNA (_______) picks up ________
________ in the cytoplasm and brings them to
the ____________. The ________ temporarily
hooks onto the __________ until the ________
________bond together in the order called for
by the gene code, creating a ____________.
____________ ______
______
_______
_________
contains
_________
Found in
_________
Number of strands
_________
contains
_________
Found in
___________
_
___________
___________
III. Mutations – any permanent change in a _________ or ______________
of a cell.
1. Sometimes change occurs during ____________________.
2. ____________ and ________________ can change or break
chromosomes.
3. Mutation in a body cell may not be ______________________.
4. Mutation in a ______________ passes the mutation on to all the cells
that form from that ________________.
Example: _______________ _______________ occurs when a
______________ forms with an extra chromosome #_____. The
zygote has ____ of these chromosomes. This occurs when the
___________________ do not separate during ______________.