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Transcript
Genetics Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring _______________________is called ___________________. heredity how those science that studies _____ The _________ characteristics are _________ passed on from one generation to the next is called Genetics _______________. The _________________ Father of Genetics is _________________. Gregor Mendel A monk, who studied how to use ____________ mathematics to explain natural phenomena. Mendel designed experiments using ____________ pea plants in the __________ monastery garden. _______ MALE part of flower makes Pollen ___________ (sperm) FEMALE __________ part of flower makes egg cells _______ In pea plants, the pollen normally joins with an egg from the _______ same plant (=_______________ Self pollinating ) so seeds have “_______________” ONE parent MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________ true breeding = if allowed to _________________ self pollinate they would produce ____________________ offspring identical to themselves. MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS removed pollen Mendel ____________________ making parts and ____________ added pollen from _______ another plant. This allowed him to _____________ cross-breed plants with ______________ different characteristics and study the results ________ specific characteristic is called a A___________________ ______. trait Mendel ______________ studied 7 traits in peas. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS P1 generation ____ (_________) parental F1 generation ____ filial (______= offspring) F2 generation ___ MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS 1.) Produce a true breeding P generation Self-pollination P X Cross-pollination 2.) Produce an F1 Generation F1 Self-pollination 3.) Produce an F2 Generation F2 crossed PURE PLANTS When Mendel ______________ with 2 ______________ traits: contrasting (EX: Purple crossed with white) He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY ______ ONE trait ____________ showed F1 in the ____ generation BUT . . . Missing trait ____________ returned in 2. ___________ F2 generation the ____ in a _________ 3:1 ratio Mendel decided that there must pair of FACTORS that be a __________________ control ________each trait and that __________ one factor must be able to _______ HIDE the other. We now know that Mendel’s factors are genes ______________ carried on the pair of ___________ homologous ____________. chromosomes ____________ ________ Different versions of a gene are called _____. alleles DOMINANT __________________ = An allele hides the presence of that ________ another allele __________________ = An allele RECESSIVE that _______________ is hidden by the presence of another allele Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2? The pattern corresponds movement of to the ____________ chromosomes during ______________ MEIOSIS ____________________ WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT? REMEMBER… ________________ HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes ________________ SEPARATE during ANAPHASE I = _________________ SEGREGATION ____ F1 offspring __________ received an allele for the color purple from their _______ purple parent and an allele for the color white white parent. from their ______ The F1 plants ALL _____________ look PURPLE carrying an but are ___________ allele for ______. white EXPLAINING the F1 CROSS LAW OF ___________________ SEGREGATION alleles are separated when the F1 plants ______________ made gametes When these gametes recombined to make the recessive F2 generation, the _____________ trait _______________ reappears in ¼ of the offspring Remember Mendel studied 7 traits… LAW OF _______________________ Independent Assortment alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation. We now know this only applies to genes located on different chromosomes or that are far apart on the same chromosome. Let’s come back to alleles… DOMINANT __________________ = An allele hides the presence of that ________ another allele _________________ RECESSIVE = An allele that _______________ is hidden by the presence of another allele Genotype = the set of _____________ alleles an individual has for a characteristic. _____________ Phenotype = the physical appearance of a character. A genotype can either homozygous or heterozygous. _____________ Homozygous = if two alleles for a particular trait are ___________. the same ______________= Heterozygous if two alleles for a particular trait are __________. different For example: A mother has attached earlobes (recessive) and a father unattached earlobes. All their children have attached earlobes. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the mother, father, and children?