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How to set up Punnet Squares Punnet Square Vocabulary Genotype - An organisms genetic makeup or allele combination; for one specific trait we use two letters to represent the genotype. A capital letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele), and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the recessive form of the gene (allele). Ex. RR, Rr, rr Punnet Square Vocabulary Phenotype - An organisms appearance or visible traits. Ex. Color, shape Punnet Square Vocabulary Homozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are the SAME as each other Ex. RR, rr Punnet Square Vocabulary Heterozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are DIFFERENT from each other Ex. Rr Punnet Square Vocabulary Homozygous DOMINANT - Both Genes (alleles) are DOMINANT (Capitol letters) AND ARE THE SAME AS EACH OTHER Ex. CC Punnet Square Vocabulary Homozygous RECESSIVE - Both Genes (alleles) are RECESSIVE (lower case letters) AND ARE THE SAME AS EACH OTHER Ex. cc Punnet Square Vocabulary Heterozygous - Both Genes (alleles) are DIFFERENT from each other Ex. Cc (one Capitol letter one and lower case letter) Problem Cross a short person with one that is heterozygous for tallness? Examining the problem… Here, you have to use your understanding of the vocabulary to figure out what letters to use in the genotypes of the parents. Where "T" = tall Dominant, & "t" = short recessive. One parent is Heterozygous which always means one of each letter, so we'd use "Tt" The only way for a person to be short is when it has 2 lowercase "t's", so that parent is “tt". 1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms Parent # 1 – Short person Homozygous Recessive tt Parent # 2 – Tall person Heterozygous Tt 2. write down your "cross" (mating) So the cross ends-up written like this… Tt x tt 3. draw a p-square 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square Take the genotype letters of one parent, split them and put them on the left, outside the rows of the psquare. 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square Now take the two letters of the second parent's genotype, split them up, and place them above each of the two columns of the p-square. 5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square I kind of gave this away already, but to "determine the genotypes of the offspring" all we have to do is fill-in the boxes of the p-square. Again we do this be taking a letter from the left & matching it with a letter from the top. Like so: Fill in the rest of the boxes… Fill in the rest of the boxes… Fill in the rest of the boxes… 6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring) Parents ("P" Generation) Genotypes Tt x tt Offspring ("F1" Generation) Phenotypes Genotypes Tall x short Phenotypes: 50% (2/4) Tt 50% tall 50% (2/4) tt 50% short Punnet Square Steps 1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms 2. write down your "cross" (mating) 3. draw a p-square 4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the psquare 5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square 6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring)