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Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Inheritance Genetics Genetic Theories 1 Genetic Theories (cont.) Gregor Mendel Mendel’s paper published in 1866, but was not recognized by Science until the early 1900’s. Reasons for Mendel's Success Mendel was a pea picker. He used peas as his study organism. Why Use Peas? Cross-pollination Self-pollination Mendel's Work Monohybrid or Mendelian Crosses P Generation Offspring Another Sample Cross P1 F1 F2 Tall X short (TT x tt) all Tall (Tt) 3 tall to 1 short (1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt) Results - Summary Mendel's Hypothesis Mendel's Hypothesis Mendel's Hypothesis 4 Law of Segregation Mendel’s Experiments Vocabulary Helpful Vocabulary 6 Mendelian Crosses are Possible Cross Genotype Phenotype TT X tt Tt X Tt TT X TT tt X tt TT X Tt Tt X tt all Tt 1TT:2Tt:1tt all TT all tt 1TT:1Tt 1Tt:1tt all Dom 3 Dom: 1 Res all Dom all Res all Dom 1 Dom: 1 Res Test Cross Dihybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Results 9 Tall, Red flowered 3 Tall, white flowered 3 short, Red flowered 1 short, white flowered Or: 9:3:3:1 Law of Independent Assortment Probability Genetic Ratios Rule of Multiplication Example: TtRr X TtRr Comment Variations on Mendel Incomplete Dominance Result Another example Codominance Result Multiple Alleles Result Alleles and Blood Types Type A B AB O Genotypes IA IA or IAi IB IB or IBi IAIB ii Comment Epistasis Gerbils In Gerbils CcBb X CcBb Brown X Brown F1 = 9 brown (C_B_) 3 black (C_bb) 4 albino (cc__) Result Problem Wife is type A Husband is type AB Child is type O Question - Is this possible? Comment - Wife’s boss is type O Bombay Effect Genotypes Bombay - Detection Polygenic Inheritance Genetic Basis Result Genetic Studies in Humans Pedigree Chart Symbols Male Female Person with trait Sample Pedigree Dominant Trait Recessive Trait Human Recessive Disorders Sickle-cell Disease Tay-Sachs Cystic Fibrosis Recessive Pattern Human Dominant Disorders Inheritance Pattern Genetic Screening General Formal R=FXMXD R = risk F = probability that the female carries the gene. M = probability that the male carries the gene. D = Disease risk under best conditions. Example Risk Calculation Wife = probability is 1.0 that she has the allele. Husband = with no family record, probability is near 0. Disease = this is a recessive trait, so risk is Aa X Aa = .25 R = 1 X 0 X .25 R = 0 Risk Calculation Assume husband is a carrier, then the risk is: R = 1 X 1 X .25 R = .25 There is a .25 chance that any child will be albino. Common Mistake Carrier Recognition Fetal Testing Amniocentesis Chorionic Villi Sampling Newborn Screening Newborn Screening Multifactorial Diseases Ex. Heart Disease Summary Know the Mendelian crosses and their patterns. Be able to work simple genetic problems (practice). Watch genetic vocabulary. Be able to read pedigree charts. Summary Be able to recognize and work with some of the “common” human trait examples.