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Biotechnology in Agriculture A World View Global Food Cost Food for thought – The average American spent $120 on Valentine's Day! USA Ukarine China India EU Global Ave. Income / Capita % spent on food $47,000 6.90% $6,900 42.10% $600 32.90% $2,800 35.40% $33,400 NA $10,500 NA Hunger is the World’s #1 Heath Risk • 913,000,000 Undernourished • Starvation kills more people every year than AIDs, Malaria, &TB combined • There are more hungry people in the world than the combined populations of the USA, Canada & EU. • 10.9 million children under 5 in developing countries die each year! Hunger and malnutrition causes 60% of these deaths. Global Population Growth More than 10 billion people by year 2050 • People / Ha. Food / Ha. Human Challenges Lack of reliable food sources and malnutrition A growing need for renewable energy Limited arable land Soil degradation Better diet, better health Insufficient fresh water • Biodiversity protection 7 Agriculture & Natural Resources Water – Ag accounts for 70+% freshwater withdrawals Soil – Top soil erosion rate of 2.7 tons/acre Energy – Agriculture is an energy intensive sector Biodiversity – Crop monocultures can impact diversity Lost land • 5-7 million HA. of Ag land is lost each year due to soil erosion. • Almost every new home takes land out of production. • Desertification takes more land every year. Trends Shaping Agriculture Today Increasing World Population Over 9 billion people by 2050 Increasing Protein Demand Shrinking Arable Land Per Capita ACRES 1.0 Increasing Grain Demand 0.75 0.5 0.25 1961 1980 2000 2020 2030F ARABLE LAND PER CAPITA WORLDWIDE Future Crop Technologies Poised to Help Address These Challenges Global food security • Enhanced productivity • Higher-Yielding Crops • Sustainable production Water availability Agriculture’s Environmental Footprint • Nitrogen-Use Efficiency Crops Demand for Healthier Diets Biofuel Demands • Drought-tolerant crops • Vistive® & Vistive® Gold Soybeans • Yield technologies to help • Partnering to share meet demand for both food • Omega-3 Soybeans technology with developing and fuel world farmers (WEMA) A Combination of Biotechnology, Breeding Advances and Agronomic Practice Improvements Will Help Agriculture Address These Challenges Man’s Genetic manipulation Plant biotechnology builds on centuries of science 10000 BC Fermentation & Leavening 1900-1950 1800’s 1950-1980 Antibiotics, Mendel’s Pea, DNA, Pasteurization, Darwin’s Species, Human Nutrition, Preservation, Crop Pasteur’s Microbes Fortification, Breeding Green Revolution 1980 – 2000 Gene Sequencing, Biotech Crops, Human Insulin Building on centuries of science, biotechnology is a collection of tools used to improve and enhance plants, animals, and microorganisms for the benefit of society. * Photo credit: AAAS, ARS, Nature 2001 Human Genome, Plant Genome, Animal Genome Centuries of plant improvement provide modern plants such as corn Teosinte Modern corn Plant Biotechnology: Precise and Predictable Plant Breeding Traditional/ Conventional plant breeding Commercial variety Traditional donor DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. New variety (many genes are transferred) = X Desired Gene (crosses) Desired gene Plant biotechnology Desired gene Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Commercial variety New variety (only desired gene is transferred) = (transfers) Desired gene Farmers choose biotech crops “Farmers have made up their mind… they continue to rapidly adopt biotech crops because of the significant agronomic, economic, environmental, and societal benefits.” - Clive James, ISAAA 29 Countries are Growing Biotech Crops Today 1995 Today 2001 APPROVING RESEARCH FIELD TRIALS GROWING BIOTECH GRANTING IMPORT APPROVALS PROCESS UNDER DEVELOPMENT OR Source: Monsanto Data and ISAAA DELAYED Two Categories of Traits Constitute the Majority of Biotech Crops to Date Controlling Bugs and Weeds Insect resistant crops - Bt genes - Corn and cotton Insect Resistant Cotton Herbicide tolerant crops - Tolerance to Roundup or Liberty - Soybean, corn, canola and cotton Herbicide Tolerant Corn What are the traits out there today? BT • Same protein as made by Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacteria used as a “organic insecticide. • Greatly reduces need to spray cotton and corn, only kills insects feeding on the crops. • Protects the plant from low level insect damage • Greatly reduces openings in plant that allow fungi to grow…reducing occurance of vomitoxin and aflatoxin. What are the traits out there today? Herbicide Tolerance • RoundUp Ready and Liberty Link • Great weed control • Low toxicity chemistry • Reduces trips over the field • Allows no-till agriculture • No soil carry-over. Toxicity – LD50 • • • • • • • RoundUp – 5600 mg./Kg. Ignite (LL) -1400 mg./Kg. Caffeine -192 mg./Kg Aspirin – 1000 mg./Kg. Table salt – 3000 mg./Kg. Tylenol – 332 mg./Kg. Both RoundUp and Ignite are considered to have NO Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, or Teratogenicity by the EPA. Insecticides Replaced by BT LD-50 • • • • • Temik – 1mg./Kg. Deildren – 40 mg./Kg. Methyl Parathion – 3 mg./Kg. Diazinon – 300 mg./Kg. Lindane – 88 mg./Kg. Biotech Patents – ownership 1976 - 2000 • • • • • • • BASF -228 Monsanto – 674 Bayer – 516 DuPont – 565 Dow – 234 Syngenta – 425 Lots of competition Acknowledgments • • • • Civileats.com Monsanto USDA/ARS Worldometers.info