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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 16 1 Exam Preparation Tips • The upcoming midterm exam will include questions unique to the textbook content (~25%), questions unique to the lecture content (~40%), and questions that reflect overlap between the two sources of information. You are encouraged to study both sources of information thoroughly. 2 • With respect to the textbook content: Construct learning objectives for each section of the textbook (what am I suppose to take away from this section?). Create questions with the titles and subtitles of sections. Use the content of each section to answer the questions that you have generated. 3 Identify the primary points of each section with key words or phrases and use these to test yourself. Familiarize yourself with all terms that are bolded or italicized. Study all figures and tables. 4 • With respect to the lecture content: Use the learning objectives to guide your studying. 5 • You need not memorize the names of researchers who conducted idiosyncratic studies or the dates of those studies. However, you should familiarize yourself with the names of all major theorists (e.g., Bem). • The goal of the exam is to assess your mastery of the course content and “jargon” of gender psychology. 6 • In order to demonstrate your mastery of the course content on the extended response questions, you should provide thorough and detailed responses to the questions asked. The instructions for the extended response section will read: “Please respond to each of the questions below. Note that point form answers are acceptable. Your responses should be thorough and detailed. If necessary, you may write on the back side of the page. 7 • The exam questions will assess your ability to recall, synthesize, and apply course content. Examples: 8 Recall: Which of the following is not among the attributes associated with the Cult of True Womanhood? a) b) c) d) e) Purity. Submissiveness. Domesticity. Piety. Emotionality. 9 Synthesize: Compare and contrast traditional sexism, modern sexism, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism. 10 Apply: Research has identified a sex difference in aggression; the mean score for males is higher than the mean score for females. Considering sex differences in reproductive capacity and minimal parental investment, generate an evolutionary explanation to account for this documented sex difference in aggression. That is, generate a theory to explain this finding that is based on sex differences in reproductive capacity and minimal parental investment. 11 • In order to correctly respond to questions that require synthesis and application, recall of information is necessary. The correlation between recall questions and synthesis/application questions typically exceeds .70. 12 Announcement I will hold additional office hours in preparation for the midterm exam: Thursday, October 18: 2:30-3:30PM Monday, October 22: 11:30AM-1:30PM Tuesday, October 23: 1:30-3:30PM 13 Biological Theories of Sex Differences 1. What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued) 14 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe the process of prenatal sex differentiation. 2. review evidence that supports genetic contributions to sex differences in psychological characteristics. 15 What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued) 2. Genetic Theories (continued) 16 17 The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene that acts as a “switch” for maleness, producing a male offspring. During the 7th week of gestation, the SRY gene directs the production of testis-determining factor (TDF), which triggers the development of testes (vs. ovaries). 18 Androgenic hormones from the testes (i.e., müllerian inhibiting factor, testosterone) result in further development of the male internal reproductive system. 19 NO ANDROGENIC HORMONES ANDROGENIC HORMONES 20 Research suggests that, in addition to sex differentiation, genes influence the psychological and behavioural characteristics of the sexes. 21 Example 1: Twin Studies Lippa and Hershberger (1999) • Analyzed data collected from 839 same-sex pairs of twins. • Among the measures that participants completed were: the Adjective Checklist, occupational interests, and frequency of everyday activities. 22 • Heritability statistics obtained: Masculine instrumentality = .36 Feminine expressiveness = .38 GD = .53 • These findings replicate the results of several other studies. 23 Biological Theories of Sex Differences 1. What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued) 24