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Transposon “Jumping Genes” DNA Sequence that moves from one location to another Insertion Sequence “retro” – made with transcriptase (like virsuses) Transposon Direct repeats Composite Adds extra genes between two insertions Regulation of Metabolic Pathway Regulate genes Regulates enzymes Operons A unit of genetic material that functions in bacteria and phages Clustered gene with one promoter On/off switch Negative Gene Regulation Repressible operons Transcription is inhibited Inducible operons Transcription is stimulated The trp Operon Corepressor – absent makes tryptophan Repressor Corepressor – present stops tryptophan production Corepressor – helper for repressor lac operon Lactose absent / repressor active – operon off lac operon Lactose present / repressor inactive – operon on inducer Positive Gene Regulation cAMP Accumulates when glucose is scarce Chromatin Nucleosome DNA and histone proteins together Repetitive DNA Gene Amplification Not passed to children Embryos – ribosome production Cancer cells – drug resistance Questions??? Gene loss?? Gene rearrangement?? Genome?? Gene Expression Transcription Factors A protein that binds to DNA and allows for RNA polymerase to attach and begin transcription Enhancers – bends DNA to allow the factors to be closer to the promoter region RNA Splicing Allows alternative mRNA molecules to be built – ex. exons will act as introns Recombinant DNA Proteasome A giant protein complex that destroys proteins tagged for elimination by ubiquitin. DNA Testing PCR RFLP Practical Application Diagnosis of Diseases Human Gene Therapy DNA Fingerprinting Environmental Uses Agricultural Uses Human Genome Project Safety and Ethical Questions Pages 407-408 or 399
