* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Final Exam Review - Warren Hills Regional School District
Survey
Document related concepts
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to genetics wikipedia , lookup
History of biology wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Sexual reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Symbiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Honors Biology Review Yea!!!!! Steps in the Scientific Method… • Observe~ always observing the world around us!! • 1. ask questions • 2. form hypothesis • 3. experimentation • 4. analysis • 5. conclusion Hypothesis? • If, then statement (question)… • An educated guess/ testable What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? • Control~ unmanipulated; used as a basis of comparison (sometimes called placebo group) • Experimental~ a variable has been manipulated Words used in a conclusion? Compound microscope vs. simple vs. electron? • Compound~ many lenses working together (magnification & clarity) • Simple~ magnification only (specimens usually macroscopic) • Electron~ e- beams, can see viruses and other extreme microscopic specimens. KNOW PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE Know your fields of biology: • ecology – Study of organism interactions with each other and the environment • genetics – Study of heredity • cytology – Study of cells • biology – Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT GET THIS ONE WRONG ) • taxonomy – Study of naming organisms Know your basic biochemistry: • • • • Organic elements- CHONPS Carbohydrates~ COMPLEX SUGARS lipids~ fats, oils, waxes proteins~ keratin, actin/myosin, etc. complex amino acids • nucleic acids~ DNA/RNA • glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose~ blood sugar, table sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar Know your basic biochemistry: (Define & Give examples) • Cellulose~ strength & rigidity to plants; cell wall component • Complimentary base pairing~ DNA= A-T, C-G; RNA= A-U, C-G • DNA/RNA~ deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid (protein synthesis) • enzymes/ substrate / lock & key~ enzymes (catalyst to jumpstart a reaction) • Hydrolysis- breaking apart macromolecules into monomers by adding water • Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction: combining monomers together by removing water Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they do? • Nucleus~ cellular control center • Mitochondrion~ “powerhouse” supplies energy • Nucleolus~ makes ribosomes • Ribosome~ makes proteins • lysosome~ garbage disposals; destroyer • Cell membrane~ semipermeable layer; allows homeostasis and transport (same stable internal conditions) Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they do? • Chloroplast~ has chlorophyll allowing for photosynthesis to occur • endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth~ intracellular highways • Golgi apparatus~ postal office (packaging and secreting) • Cell wall~ protects and supports plant cells • Vacuole- stroage of water, enzymes, waste Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials: • Diffusion~ movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration • Osmosis~ movement of WATER from an area of high to low • Active transport~ cell expends energy; against concentration gradient • Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution~ lower, higher, equal • Plasmolysis~ wilting Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials: • Passive transport~ no energy input from cell • Cytolysis~ cell bursting • Endocytosis~ movement into the cell pinocytosis~ cell drinking, Phagocytosis~ cell eating • Exocytosis~ movement out of the cell • Contractile vacuoles~ used by protista to pump out excess water Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic? Which cell is in a hypertonic solution? isotonic? hypotonic? Define the concepts of cell division: • • • • • • • Interphase- G1, S, G2 Mitosis~ cloning; body cell reproduction Meiosis~ forms gametes; genetic recombination Haploid, diploid~ n, 2n Gamete~ sperm & egg Zygote~ union of sperm & egg Cell plate, cleavage furrow~ occurs during cytokinesis • Autosomes~ body chromosomes/somatic chromosomes (44) • Sex chromosomes: XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2) Know blood typing! Define the concepts of cell division: • Bacterial reproduction~ binary fission; splitting into two • Sperm production to egg production~ • 4 to 1 (spermatogenesis; oogenesis) Define the concepts of cell division: • Male and female symbols Punnett Square Practice • Want to do these on the board???? TT X tt Tt X Tt Tt X tt Genetic Terms • Dominant~ overshadows a recessive • Recessive~ is expressed when no dominant is present • Phenotype~ physical characteristics (brown, red, etc) • Genotype~ genetic makeup (represented by letters) • Homozygous~ both are the same (TT or tt) • Heterozygous~ different genes (Tt) • sex-linked~ found on a sex chromosome Add: Karyotype & Pedigree • Karyotype: • Pedigree: Genetic Disorders • • • • • XO~ Turner Syndrome Down Syndrome~ Trisomy 21 XXY~ Klienfelters Syndrome Others? Lots!! Look over notes! Nondisjunction~ failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis • Monosomy~ 45 total chromosomes (results in 1 less)~ Turner Syndrome • Trisomy~ 47 total chromosome (results in 1 too many)~ Down Syndrome & Klienfelters) • Detection: Amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling Remember Replication, Transcription, Translation ? • • • • Orig DNA: Replication: Transcription: Translation: AAT TTA UUA AAU CCA GGT GGU CCA GTC CAG CAG GUC 3 BASES= A CODON Famous Scientists • • • • • • • • Darwin~ theory of evolution Aristotle~ first to classify organisms Fleming~ discovered penicillin Linnaeus~ modern classification system Hooke~ named the cell Lamarck~ acquired traits; evolution Mendel~ father of genetics Van Leeuwenhoek~ father of microscopy Taxonomy and Evolution • • • • • • • • • 7 levels? KPCOFGs Kingdoms? Animal Plant Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”: • vestigial structures: no longer needed (appendix, tailbone) • acquired traits: behavior causes evolution (giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves) • binomial nomenclature: 2 name naming system (scientific name); Genus species • Dichotomous key: recipe for classification • Homologous structures- similar origin but look different Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”: • analogous structures- different origin but look similar due to environment) • Divergent evolution- two organisms becoming more dissimilar over time • Convergent- two organisms appearing to be closely related but are not • Artificial selection- mankind speeding up evolution (example- dog breeding) Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi • Draw the three basic bacterial shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillus Bacterial Shapes: • Rod- bacillus • Sphere- coccus • Spiral- spirilli • Staphylo- clusters • Strepto- chains/filaments • What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria? • “ancient” extreme environments/”true” soil and water • Good things bacteria do? • Decomposers, make food, antibiotics, clean up environmental pollutants, others??? • Bacterial Diseases? • Anthrax,Salmonella, Botulism, TB, Typhus, RMSF, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, others???? • What is a virus? • Obligate intracellular parasite (not technically “living” • Temperate vs. virulent? • Lysogenic (doesn’t kill host right away); lytic (kills host immediately) What are some viral diseases? • • • • • • • • • AIDS Ebola Genital Warts Cold Flu Herpes BSE (mad cow) Kuru Others???????? What are some common fungi? • • • • • • • Mushrooms Yeasts Smuts Rusts Molds Mildews Puffballs Fungal Diseases? • • • • • • • • Corn smuts Athlete’s foot Nail fungus Mildew Rusts Ringworm Jock itch Others??? Fungus Terminology: • Hyphae- fungal filaments • Mycelium- mat of hyphae • Fruiting body- reproductive structure • Miracle Drug? – Penicillin (alexander fleming) Protista: “the very first” List and describe several protozoans: • LOTS!!! Check out your notes on animallike, plantlike and funguslike!! • Hint… • Those that cause diseases (trypanosoma, entamoeba, Giardia), have mutualistic relationships (Trichonympha & termite), etc. How do some protists move? • • • • Pseudopodia~ False feet (amoebas) Cilia~ Hairlike structures (paramecium) How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water? • Contractile vacuole What are some common diseases caused by protozoa? • Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania, others???? Photosynthesis Equation ___ CO2 + ___H2O C6H12O6 + ___O2 “Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into sugars and oxygen (products)” Sticky~ where pollen lands Meiosis~ produces pollen grains Eggs are produce Supports anther Protect flower while developing Know your phyla and classes: • Porifera~ sponges; sessile (don’t move as adults) • Cnidaria ~ jelly fish, man of wars, corals and anemones; have cnidocysts & nematocysts • Nematoda ~ roundworms; most are parasitic • Platyhelminthes~ flatworms like planaria, tapeworm & flukes • Annelida~ segmented worms like earthworms, sandworms and leeches Continued… • Amphibia~ metamorphasis; moist skin, lack claws, frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians • Mammalia~ have hair, bear live young, 4-chambered hearts, endothermic, mammary glands Know some general organ function and structures like: • pharynx: pathway to trachea or esophagus • crop: storge area for food (earthworms) • gizzard: grinds food for earthworm • heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) : 3 in frog, 4 in pig • Nictitating membrane: 3rd eyelid; protects and moistens • Tympanic membrane: eardrums • Kidneys: removal of nitrogenous waste • Pinnae: external ear flaps • Eyespots~ both detect light • Lungs: breathing apparatus and gas exchange • Stomach~ mechanical & chemical food digection • fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for hibernation Biological terminology: • • • • Autotrophic means: self-feeding Heterotrophic means: other feeding Eukaryotic means: true nucleus Prokaryotic means: before nucleus (lacks a true nucleus) • Symbiotic relationships: two or more organisms living in close association with each other Biological terminology: • Mutualism- both organisms benefit • Parasitism- one organisms benefits while the other is harmed (ectoparasitism and endoparasitism) • Commensalism- one organism benefits while the other is unaffected) • KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!! Know levels of organization! • Species population community ecosystem biome biosphere • Habitat- where an organism lives • Niche- the role an organism fulfills Distinguish between food chains, & food webs. • Chain~ flow of energy from producer to top consumer. • Web~ interrelated food chains • Trophic level- each step in the food chain (Be able to identify producers, 1st order (primary) consumers, 2nd order consumers, etc.) • Autotroph~ self feeding • Heterotroph~ other feeding • Decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte)~ recycle energy back into the environment (bacteria and fungus) • Detritivore~ feed on dead/decaying matter • Herbivore~ plant eater • Carnivore~ animal eater • Omnivore~ eats both plants and animals Know energy transfer! Who feeds at what trophic level? What level of consumerism?