Download Jeopardy - School Without Walls Biology

Jeopardy
Mitosis
Gene to
Protein
DNA
Forensics
Mutations
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Chromosome/
Karyotypes
$100 Question: Mitosis
What are the four phases of mitosis?
What do we call the phase leading up to
mitosis?
$100 Answer: Mitosis
1. Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
2. Interphase
$200 Question: Mitosis
A crayfish cell has 200 total or 100 pairs of chromosomes.
Following mitosis, the daughter cells would each have a
total of ______ chromosomes.
a. 200
b. 100
c. 400
d. 50
e. 46
$200 Answer: Mitosis
A. 200
After mitosis, the daughter cells have an
identical number of chromosomes.
$300 Question: Mitosis
Which of these phases is prophase?
How do you know?
$300 Answer: Mitosis
The third from the left. The chromosomes
begin to form, as do the spindle fibers.
$400 Question: Mitosis
While modeling mitosis, Sherri
arranges the chromosomes in
metaphase like this:
While modeling mitosis, LaRita
arranges the chromosomes in
metaphase like this:
Will the daughter cells in Sherri’s model be genetically the
same as or different from the daughter cells in LaRita’s
model? WHY or WHY NOT?
$400 Answer: Mitosis
Sherri and LaRita’s daughter cells will
be genetically identical, since the order
in which chromosomes line up during
mitosis doesn’t matter. Chromosomes
line up INDEPENDENTLY of each
other!
$500 Question: Mitosis
Komodo dragons, the world’s biggest lizards,
generally reproduce sexually, but can switch to
parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) if mates are
not available. Why do you think komodo dragons
usually reproduce sexually? What advantage does
sexual reproduction have in the types of offspring
produced over asexual reproduction?
$500 Answer: Mitosis
Sexual reproduction takes more energy
(finding a suitable mate, etc.), but has the
advantage of producing a variety of
offspring. If there is a variety offspring,
your offspring are more likely to survive
and reproduce. Identical offspring may or
may not survive various diseases or other
challenges - but will do so in similar ways.
$100 Question: Gene to Protein
What does DNA stand for?
Name two people responsible
for characterizing the structure
of DNA.
$100 Answer: Gene to Protein
Deoxyribonucleic acid. James Watson,
Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice
Wilkins.
$200 Question: Gene to Protein
Name the three parts of a DNA
nucleotide. Why is DNA called a
“double helix?”
$200 Answer: Gene to Protein
Nucleotide: deoxyribose/sugar;
phosphate group; nitrogenous base.
Double helix - it has two sugar-phophate
backbones that form a spiral shape.
$300 Question: Gene to Protein
Transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence
into an mRNA and amino acid sequence:
DNA1: TCA GGC GAC AAT
$300 Answer: Gene to Protein
DNA1: TCA GGC GAC AAT
mRNA: AGU CCG CUG UUA
Amino acid sequence: SerineProline-Leucine-Leucine
$400 Question: Gene to Protein
Compare and contrast transcription
and translation. Name at least three
similarities and three differences.
$400 Answer: Gene to Protein
Transcription
Same
Makes messenger RNA Converts one kind
of information into
From DNA
another form
Uses base-pairing rules
Used in protein
(AU, CG)
production
Occurs in nucleus
Uses DNA as
source information
Translation
Uses tRNA, mRNA,
and rRNA
Translates language
of nucleic acids into
amino acids
Occurs in cytoplasm
$500 Question: Gene to Protein
The HIV virus invades cells by
injecting its mRNA into cells. mRNA
disintegrates rapidly. How do you think
the HIV virus is able to keep its genetic
information in cells longterm?
$500 Answer: Gene to Protein
Return
$100 Question: DNA Forensics
What are restriction enzymes?
$100 Answer: DNA Forensics
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that act
like molecular scissors.
They cut at specific places within the DNA
(recognition sites) and break DNA into
smaller fragments. Before gel
electrophoresis, DNA must be cut into
fragments by restriction enzymes.
$200 Question: DNA Forensics
Why do we use agarose gel in gel
electrophoresis? What determines how far
DNA fragments will go?
$200 Answer: DNA Forensics
Agarose gel has small spaces for fragments
DNA to move through. The size of the DNA
fragments determines how far and how fast
the DNA will move through the gel.
$300 Question: DNA Forensics
Which suspect should the police question based on the
evidence below? HOW DO YOU KNOW?
$300 Answer: DNA Forensics
The DNA fragments from the DNA found
at the crime scene matches that of suspect
number 2. This means that suspect 2 was
likely present at the crime scene, but may
or may not be the person who committed
the crime, depending on other evidence
collected.
$400 Question: DNA Forensics
PCR is a technology that uses the enzymes
that perform DNA replication found in cells.
Describe the process of DNA replication
and how each enzyme contributes to this
process.
$400 Answer: DNA Forensics
DNA replication
1.Helicase unzips the DNA.
2.Primase begins the process by making a
short segment of RNA.
3.DNA polymerase matches the base pairs to
the complementary bases.
4.Ligase fixes any gaps in the DNA
backbone.
$500 Question: DNA Forensics
You are a forensic investigator who finds a
very small amount of DNA in some skin
cells at a crime scene. Describe the process
by which you could match the collected
DNA to that of suspects’.
$500 Answer: DNA Forensics
Collect the DNA and extract it from the
cells. Amplify the DNA through PCR
(copying DNA to create larger amounts).
Digest the DNA using restriction
enzymes. Perform gel electrophoresis to
get a banding pattern. Do the same for
the suspects’ DNA and compare the
resulting DNA profiles.
$100 Question: Mutations
List and define three types of mutation.
$100 Answer: Mutations
Point/substitution mutation - changing
one base in the code for another.
Insertion - adding a base, causing a
frameshift and a missense mutation.
Deletion - removing a base, causing a
frameshift and a missense mutation.
$200 Question: Mutations
The following shows an original DNA
sequence one that has been mutated. What
kind of mutation is this? How do you know?
DNA (original): CTT ACG GGA TCA
DNA (mutated): CTT CGG GAT CA
$200 Answer: Mutations
Deletion mutation, because a letter has
been removed. A frameshift has
occurred. One of the codon now only has
two letters and the rest have been altered.
$300 Question: Mutations
In the mutation for the trait for sickle cell anemia, a genetic
disorder that causes sickle-shaped blood cells, only one base is
changed, as seen below. What effect will this have on the
resulting amino acid sequence?
Normal
GGG CTT CTT TTT
Hemoglobin
Sickled
GGG CAT CTT TTT
Hemoglobin
$300 Answer: Mutations
Normal: Proline – Glutamic Acid - Glutamic Acid - Lysine
Sickled: Proline – Valine – Glutamic Acid – Lysine
One amino acid has changed: Glutamic acid --> Valine.
Valine is very hydrophobic, so it causes the protein to fold
incorrectly, leading to the sickle cell disease.
$400 Question: Mutations
Sickle cell anemia is a potentially fatal recessive
condition caused by a point mutation. Individuals who
are homozygous recessive for the trait have the
condition. Those who are heterozygous for the trait do
not have the trait and are resistant to malaria, a disease
that destroys red blood cells. Those who are
homozygous dominant do not have the trait, but are not
resistant to malaria. If given a choice, would you rather
be homozygous recessive, heterozygous or
homozygous dominant? Consider the consequences for
yourself AND your potential offspring.
$400 Answer: Mutations
Homozygous recessive - have the disease; it’s
painful and potentially fatal; don’t get malaria;
pass on sickle cell allele to offspring.
Heterozygous: have one mutant allele, one
normal allele; don’t get malaria; don’t get
sickle cell; may or may not pass on the trait.
Homozygous dominant: don’t have sickle cell;
may or may not get malaria; will not pass on
sickle trait to your children.
$500 Question: Mutations
Mutation is sometimes called the raw
material for evolution and natural selection.
How does mutation generate genetic
diversity within a population? How can that
diversity be helpful to an individual? To a
population?
$500 Answer: Mutations
Mutations provide genetic diversity by
changing organisms’ genetic information.
That information may help, be neutral, or
hurt the individual. If it helps, we call it an
adaptation. Those organisms that have
adaptations survive and reproduce better and
can eventually become the majority of a
population.
$100 Question:
Chromosomes/Karyotype
What is the centromere and what
does it do?
$100 Answer:
Chromosomes/Karyotype
The centromere is a disk of protein
that holds the sister chromatids together.
$200 Question:
Chromosomes/Karyotype
A person is born with the genotype XXY.
What syndrome is the person likely to
have? What gender will they be
(genetically)? How do you know?
$200 Answer:
Chromosomes/Karyotype
Klinefelter’s syndrome.
XXY = male in humans. In humans,
the presence or absence of a Y
chromosome determines gender.
$300 Question:
Chromosomes/Karyotype
Why is DNA transported in chromosomes
during cell division? Your answer MUST
use the following terms: DNA, proteins,
chromosome, and histones.
$300 Answer:
Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Cells transport DNA in chromosomes
because chromosomes can move DNA
easily. Chromosomes wind chromatin
(which is long thin threads of DNA) around
proteins called histones. Cells use
chromosomes because they compact the
DNA and prevent it from tangling/tearing.
$400 Question:
Chromosomes/Karyotypes
A karyotype is shown below. Diagnose the syndrome and
list possible symptoms. What is this person’s gender?
$400 Answer:
Chromosomes/Karyotypes
The karyotype has trisomy 21, so they may have Down syndrome.
Symptoms of Down syndrome include delayed mental
development, characteristic facial features, hands with a deep
crease in the palm, shortened life span, etc.
Because of the presence of a Y chromosome, this person is
genetically male.
$500 Question:
Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Imagine you are a doctor and you
perform a karyotype on a newborn baby
that was born intersex (they hadn’t
developed male or female genitalia
fully). You find that the baby is XXY.
What advice would you give to the
parents regarding surgery to assign their
child a gender?
$500 Answer: Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Their child is genetically male, so should
be assigned male genitalia.
Their child is genetically male, but has
Klinefelter’s syndrome, which limits male
development. Therefore, it will be easier
for their child to be raised female.
(ETC. - ANY well defended argument is acceptable.)