Download Merthiolate

2B Group 5
Guanlao, Meynard
Guinmapang, Euodia
Guinto, Ma Annelly Clara
Hechanove, Christine Pia
Hermoso, Rosa Mistica
• The destruction of all microorganisms in or about
an object, as by steam (flowing or pressurized),
chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals,
ethylene oxide gas), high-velocity electron
bombardment, or ultraviolet light radiation.
• Destruction of pathogenic
microorganisms or their toxins
or vectors by direct exposure to
chemical or physical agents.
• Disinfectants are those chemicals that destroy
pathogenic bacteria from inanimate surfaces
while antiseptics are those chemicals that can be
safely applied over skin and mucus membranes.
Heavy Metals
• Mercurials
• Silver Nitrate
• Copper sulfate
Oxidizing Agents
• Halogents
1. Chlorine
2. Iodine
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Merthiolate
is a mercury-containing
substance that was once widely used as
germ-killer in a range of products, including
topical antiseptic solutions and antiseptic
ointments for treating cuts, nasal sprays, eye
solutions, vaginal spermicides, and diaper
rash treatments; and a preservative in many
different products, including vaccines and
other injectable biological products, such as
Rho(D)-immune globulin preparations.
• Mercurochrome is the trade name of
merbromin (an organomercuric disodium
salt compound and a fluorescein) and
(usually) of merbromin tinctures made of
merbromin and alcohol or water (usually
2% merbromin to 98% alcohol or water). It
is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts
and scrapes. It is no longer sold in the
USA because of its mercury content.
- known as lunar caustic
- a soluble chemical compound with chemical
formula Ag NO3.
Silver salts have antiseptic properties
- newborn babies’ eyes at birth gonorrhoea
- a cauterizing agent - granulation tissue
around a stoma
- oral ulcers
- nail bed
-
burning and skin irritation.
Immediate exposure - purple skin stains
Long term exposure – eye damage
Absorbed – hyponatremia; methemoglobinemia
Overdosage:
-Pain
- Shock
- Burning of the mouth
-Coma
-Salivation
- Convulsions and death
-Vomiting
- Diarrhea
-blackening of skin and mucous membranes
*Fatal dose is as low as 2 g
Free silver ions precipitate bacterial proteins
combining with chloride in tissue forming silver chloride
by
- coagulates cellular protein to form an eschar
- silver ions or salts or colloidal silver preparations can
inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacterial
Absorption - Minimal GI and cutaneous absorption of the
0.5% and 1% preparations
Excretion - autopsy of kidneys showed high amounts of
silver
- urine is minimal
Dosage
Sticks: Apply to mucous membranes and other moist
skin surfaces only on area to be treated 2-3 times/week for
2-3 weeks
Topical solution: Apply a cotton applicator dipped in
solution on the affected area 2-3 times/week for 2-3 weeks.
Applicators are not for ophthalmic use.
- CuSO4.
- the anhydrous form is a pale green or
gray-white powder,
- Pentahydrate form, the most commonly
encountered salt, is bright blue
-a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal
diseases of fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops
- Diseases - mildew, leaf spots, blights and apple scab.
- Bordeaux mixture - for leaf application and seed
treatment.
- a naturally-occurring inorganic salt and copper is an
essential trace element in plant and animal nutrition
- It is available in the following formulations: dusts,
wettable powders, and fluid concentrates
- Copper sulfate is toxic to humans – 11mg/kg
Poisoning
-Metallic taste
-Burning pain
-Intense nausea and vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Headache
-Sweating
-Shock
-Injury to brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and intestinal linings
- itching or eczema and some allergic reactions.
- Eye contact - conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eyelid lining,
excess fluid buildup in the eyelid; cornea tissue deterioration due to
breaks, or ulceration, in the eye's mucous membrane; and clouding
of the cornea.
Absorption of copper sulfate into the blood occurs
primarily under the acidic conditions of the stomach
After ingestion, more than 99% of copper is excreted in
the feces.
It is strongly bioaccumulated:
1/3 – contained in the liver and brain.
1/3 – contained in the muscles
1/3 - dispersed in other tissues.
•an aqueous solution
Has fast bactericidal action
pH (4-7).
Organic matter and alkaline detergents can
reduce its effectiveness.
Types: elemental chlorine Cl2, hypochlorous
acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl-).
• due to the liberation of free chlorine.
• Irreversible oxidation of SH groups of
essential enzymes (Sulhyral groups).
• Attacks both the structural and functional
proteins  protein degradation,
membrane disruption
• Chlorine + water hypochlorous acid
• Thought to allows oxygen to emerge and
combine with components of cell
protoplasm.
• Can disrupt oxidative phosphorylation and
other membrane-associated enzymes
activities.
• Can contribute to formation of chlorinated
derivatives of nucleotide bases.
• Growth inhibition of E. Coli have
• Hypochlorites
- food and dairy industries
- sanitizers (ex. Chlorox).
- water treatment
• The most effective halogens available for
disinfection.
• highly reactive, I2
• maximal at values below pH 6.
• Activity can be reduced in the presence of
some organic and inorganic compounds like
serum, feces, ascetic fluid, sputum, urine,
sodium thiosulfate and ammonia.
• Complex with a carrier called iodophor.
• inability to synthesize proteins due to oxidation
of important amino acids (particulary lysine,
histidine, cysteine and arginie).
• Effects:
1. the increase bulk of the amino acid molecules 
denaturation of DNA
2. Addition to unsaturated fatty acids  changes in
physical properties of the lipids.
3. Cause cellular damage (through interaction
with the double bonds of phospholipids)  loss
of intracellular material.
• The principal use of iodine is in the
disinfection of the skin like in the surgical
procedure.
• Relatively non toxic
• Antibacterial action is secondary to its oxidizing
ability as well as formation of a more toxic free
hydroxyl radical from the peroxide in an irondependent reaction
• ACTION
• Release of nascent oxygen
• Produces hydroxyl-free
radical that damages proteins
and DNA
ADVANTAGES:
• 6% concentration
• Decontaminate the instruments, equipments
such as ventilators
• 3% concentration
• Used for skin disinfection and deodorising
wounds and ulcers
DISADVANTAGE:
• Broken down by catalase, proteinaceous organic
matter drastically reduces its activity
• Penetrating ability of hydrogen peroxide to not as
good as ethylene oxide
• Material incompatibility
• Primary irritant
• Decomposes in light