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Organic Macromolecules Organic Life Molecules • • • • Carbon based Macromolecules - polymers Found in all living things Many different functions • Carbon is a versatile atom. • It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight. • Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds. • Carbon can use its bonds to attach to other carbons • Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons • The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which are organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. • The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. • Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. • Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies. • Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape. • The shapes of organic molecules relate to their functions. Microbes within a typical cow produce over 200 pounds of methane gas each year. Polymerization • Connecting monomers to create polymers. Biochemical Reactions Connecting monomers (building molecules) by removing a water molecule. Hydrolysis Separating monomers (breaking molecules) by adding a water molecule. Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year. Carbohydrates • Monomer – saccharides • Functions – Fuel for living organisms, ID markers for immune system • Types – simple & complex (1:2:1) Proteins • Monomer- amino acids (20) • Functions – catalyze reactions, building blocks of living organisms, fight diseases, provide structure & transport • Types- enzymes, antibodies, pumps and channels, tissues • All proteins have 3 different structures that help determine what their function is: -Primary, secondary & tertiary structures. -SOME proteins have quaternary structures What Determines Protein Shape? • A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment. • Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can cause denaturation of a protein, in which it unravels and loses its shape. • High fevers (above 104º F) in humans can cause some proteins to denature. • Misfolded proteins are associated with – Alzheimer’s disease – Mad cow disease – Parkinson’s disease A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA. Nucleic Acids • Monomer – nucleotides • Functions – store & transmit genetic information. • Types – Ribonucleic Acid & Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nucleic Acids & Proteins DNA-Genes-RNA-Protein Nucleotides – DNA- Genes- Chromosomes Lipids Saturated fats Unsaturated Fats Plant oils Omega-3 fats • Components - Fatty Acids & glycerol • Functions - store energy, regulate hormonal activities, biological membranes, cushioning, insulation • Types – fats, oils, waxes and steroids – Saturated vs. unsaturated Steroids • Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function. • The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings. • Steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this core set of rings. • Cholesterol is a key part of cell membranes • The “base steroid” from which other steroids like estrogen and testosterone. • Synthetic anabolic steroids resemble testosterone and mimic some of its effects • Can cause serious physical and mental problems Most of the world’s people cannot properly digest a glass of milk. Fig. 3-27 DNA Lactase gene 14,000 nucleotides Human cell Chromosome 2 Section of (DNA in 46 (one DNA molecule) chromosome 2 Chromosomes) C at this site causes lactose intolerance T at this site causes lactose tolerance Fig. 3-UN01 Dehydration reaction Short polymer Monomer Hydrolysis Longer polymer SEM Fig. 3-19 1 2 Normal red blood cell 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146 Normal hemoglobin SEM (a) Normal hemoglobin 1 Sickled red blood cell (b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin 2 3 4 5 6 Sickle-cell hemoglobin 7. . . 146 Fig. 3-11b (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails” Fig. 3-13 Cholesterol Testosterone A type of estrogen